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9K35 Strela-10

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9K35 Strela-10
SA-13 Gopher
9K35 transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR)
TypeVehicle-mounted SAM system
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1976–present
Used bySee list of operators
WarsAngolan Civil War
Iran–Iraq War
Gulf War
Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)
Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)
Kosovo War
Syrian Civil War
Russo-Ukrainian War
Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
Production history
DesignerKB Tochmash Design Bureau of Precision Engineering
Designed1969–1976
ManufacturerSaratovskiy Zenit Machine Plant (Muromteplovoz Joint Stock Company for the 9K35M3-K)
Produced1976–present
VariantsStrela-10, Strela-10SV (Prototype),[1] Strela-10M, Strela-10M2, Strela-10M3, Strela-10M3-K, Strela-10M4
Specifications (9K35 Strela-10M3[1])
Mass12,300 kg
Length6,600 mm
Width2,850 mm
Height2,300 mm (travelling), 3,800 mm (firing)
Crew3 (commander, gunner and driver)
Armour7 mm
Main
armament
4 × 9M333 (or 9M37MD)
Secondary
armament
1x PKMB machine gun
EngineYaMZ-238 V diesel
240 hp
Suspensiontorsion bar
Ground clearance0.5 m
Fuel capacity450 litres
Operational
range
500 km
Maximum speed 61.5 km/h (road)
6 km/h (water)

The 9K35 Strela-10 (Russian: 9К35 «Стрела-10»; English: arrow) is a Soviet highly mobile, short-range surface-to-air missile system. It is visually aimed, and utilizes optical/infrared-guidance. The system is primarily intended to engage low-altitude threats, such as helicopters. "9K35" is its GRAU designation; its NATO reporting name is SA-13 "Gopher".

Development

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The 9K35 is the successor of the 9K31 Strela-1 and can also use the Strela-1's missiles in place of the 9M37.

Development of the 9K37 Strela-10SV system was initiated July 24, 1969. The decision to begin the development of a new non-all-weather system was taken despite the simultaneous development of an all-weather hybrid gun/missile system 2K22 "Tunguska" mainly as an economical measure. It was also seen as advantageous to have a system capable of fast reaction times and immunity to heavy radio-frequency jamming.[2]

Rather than being mounted on an amphibious but lightly armoured BRDM chassis like the 9K31, the 9K35 is mounted on a more mobile tracked, modified MT-LB, with more room for equipment and missile reloads. Provision for amphibious capability is provided in some variants in the form of polyurethane-filled floats.

The Strela-10SV system and its 9M37 missile were tested in Donguzkom range from 1973 to 1974, but the results were disappointing: the system was found deficient in terms of missile probability of kill, vehicle reliability, among other things. Acceptance to service was thus delayed until May 16, 1976, by which time improvements had been introduced to the system.[2]

Development of the system continued throughout the years through Strela-10M, -10M2 and -10M3 variants introducing among other things improved radio communications and provision for better integration to the Soviet integrated air defence system air picture data.[2] Also improved missiles (9M37M and 9M333) have been developed and by September 2007 the 9K35M3-K Kolchan variant, mounted on a BTR-60 wheeled chassis, was displayed for the first time at the Moscow Air Show MAKS 2007.[1]

The Russian Armed Forces will receive 72 advanced mobile "night" short-range anti-aircraft missile complexes "Strela-10M4" by 2016. In 2014, the Russian Airborne Troops received the first batch of 18 "Strela-10M4" vehicles. This modernization is intended to extend the service life of the system for 3–5 years.[3]

The Strela-10M is expected to be replaced by the Sosna anti-aircraft missile system. The system is based on the MT-LB chassis consisting of 12 Sosna-R 9M337 beam rider missiles with a range of 10 km and altitude of 5 km.[4]

Description

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Associated systems and vehicles

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The 9K35 is a SAM system with electro-optical guidance. It has the capability to use radars for target acquisition and range. Some vehicles have a pintle-mounted PKT 7.62 mm machine gun in front of the forward hatch for local protection. Other vehicles have been seen with additional support railings for the system on the rear deck. The following is a list of associated equipment:

  • 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S86 (NATO designation "SNAP SHOT") range only radar located between the two pairs of missile canisters on the transporter erector launcher and radar (TELAR) (maximum radar range is 450 to 10,000 m).
  • 9A35M2, 9A35M3-K: launcher vehicle with 9S16 (NATO designation "Flat Box-B") passive radar detection system that gives a 360° azimuth and minimum 40° elevation coverage
  • 9F624 and 9F624M training simulator
  • 9S482M7 Control Post.
  • 9U111: a 1,950 kg trailer-mounted 12 kW generator unit, designed to feed power to up to four 9A35M2, 9A35M3-K or 9A34M2, 9A34M3-K launcher vehicles at a distance of up to 30 m by cable while conducting maintenance or training operations.
  • 9V839M: system checkout vehicle
  • 9V915M, 9V915M-1: technical maintenance vehicle
  • MT-LBU with 9S80 (NATO designation "DOG EAR") F/G-band target acquisition radar (maximum range 80 km (50 miles))
  • Ranzhir-M 9S737М (GRAU designation 9S737); is a mobile command center for a mixed grouping of air defense forces, such as the Tor, Tunguska, Strela-10, and Igla.[5]

Missiles

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9M37
TypeSurface-to-air missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1976–present
Used bySee Operators
Production history
DesignerKB Tochmash Design Bureau
Designed1969–1976
ManufacturerDegtyarev plant
Produced1976–present
Variants9M37, 9M37M, 9M37MD, 9M333
Specifications (9M333[1])
Mass41 kg
Length2190 mm
Diameter120 mm
Wingspan360 mm
WarheadFrag-HE
Warhead weight5 kg
Detonation
mechanism
contact and laser proximity fuzes
Propellantsingle-stage solid propellant rocket motor
Operational
range
5 kilometres (3.1 mi)
Flight altitude3,500 metres (11,500 ft)
Maximum speed 550 m/s
Guidance
system
dual-mode passive 'photocontrast'/IR seeker
The 9M37 guided missile

The Strela-10 system was originally designed to use the 9M37 missile as its primary weapon, but its launch system was designed to be also backwards compatible with the 9M31M missile of the earlier 9K31 Strela-1.

Each 9M37 missile is 2,200 mm (7.2 ft) long, weighs 40 kg (88 pounds) and carries a 3.5 kg (7–15 pound) warhead. The maximum speed of the missile is near Mach 2, engagement range is from 800 to 5000 m (0.3–3 miles) and engagement altitude is between 10 and 3500 m (33-11,500 ft). (The ranges define the zone of target intercept, minimum and maximum launch distances are longer for approaching and shorter for receding targets, depending on the target's speed, altitude and flight direction.)

Four missiles are mounted on the turret in boxes, ready to launch, and eight more are carried inside the vehicle as reloads. Reloading takes around 3 minutes.

The 9M37 was quickly replaced with a slightly improved 9M37M (main improvement was in more efficient autopilot system for missile flight path control), and later the more significantly upgraded 9M333, which introduced:[2]

  • heavier warhead of improved expanding-rod design and larger HE content
  • new proximity fuzing with 8-ray laser to improve probability of fuzing on near misses of very small targets such as cruise missiles or UAVs
  • triple-channel guidance system for more robust countermeasure rejection
  • improved engine to provide similar performance despite the slight increase in missile length and weight.

All missiles—9M31M, 9M37, 9M37M and 9M333—are equipped with optical homing heads utilizing reticle-based photocontrast and/or infrared homing. 9M333 is said to have particularly good countermeasures resistance due to its triple-channel homing head, while the photocontrast channel of 9M37/9M37M is described as back-up method to the IR channel.[2]

All main variants—Strela-10SV, Strela-10M, Strela-10M2 and Strela-10M3—can use all aforementioned missile types.[6]

The main characteristics of the missiles are listed in the table below, based on source number,[6] unless otherwise noted. For comparison purposes data for nearest western equivalent, the somewhat larger and heavier MIM-72 Chaparral, is also provided.

As the photocontrast channel provides effective head-on engagement ability, firing range against an approaching target can be considerably longer than the maximum ranges listed above, likewise maximum firing range would be considerably less than the maximum range of target destruction against a receding target. Definition of range and effective ceiling for MIM-72 is unknown and the figures are therefore not directly comparable.

System 9K31 Strela-1M 9K35 Strela-10 9K35M Strela-10M3-K 9K35M Strela-10M4 MIM-72A Chaparral MIM-72G Chaparral
Missile 9M31M 9M37 9M37M 9M333 MIM-72A MIM-72G
year of
introduction		 1971[7] 1976 1981 1989 1967[8] 1982/1990(*)
diameter [mm] 120 120 120 120 127[9] 127[9]
length [mm] 1803 2190 2190 2230 2900[9] 2900[9]
weight [kg] 32 40 40 42 86[9] 86[9]
warhead (HE) [kg] 2.6 3 3 5 11[9] 12.6[9]
fuze impact and proximity proximity + impact proximity + impact 8-ray laser proximity + impact impact + radar proximity impact + directional doppler radar proximity
seeker head AM-modulated photocontrast (uncooled PbS detector element[7]) Two-channel:
1) AM-modulated photocontrast (cooled[2] PbS),
2) FM-modulated uncooled[2] IR		 Two-channel:
1) AM-modulated photocontrast (cooled[2] PbS),
2) FM-modulated uncooled[2] IR		 Three-channel:
1) photocontrast,
2) IR,
3) IRCCM channel		 cooled IR of AIM-9D (limited[10]/no[9] forward hemisphere capability) two-channel:
1) cooled all-aspect IR,
2) UV (forward-hemisphere / long-range homing + IRCCM)[9]
Min. range of target destruction [km] 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 ? ?
Max. range of target destruction [km] 4.2 5.0 5.0 5.0 6..9 (sources vary) 6..9 (sources vary)
Min. intercept altitude [m] 30 25 25 10 15[9] 15[9]
Max. intercept altitude [m] 3000 3500 3500 3500 3000[9] 3000[9]
speed [m/s] 420[7] 517 517 517 515 (Mach 1.5)[9] 515 (Mach 1.5)[9]
target max speed [m/s]: approaching / receding ? 415/310 415/310 415/310 ? ?

(*) Contract for production of MIM-72G by retrofitting new components was awarded in late 1982, with all missile in US service upgraded by the late 1980s. New production of MIM-72G missiles started in 1990.

Combat use

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Angolan Civil War

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On February 20, 1988, 31-year-old Major Edward Richard Every from 1 Squadron SAAF, was killed in action when his Mirage F1AZ (serial 245) was shot down by a Cuban Strela-10 surface-to-air missile in Cuatir (near Menongue) while on an attack mission over Southern Angola.[11]

Operation Desert Storm

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Iraq had several operational Strela-10 systems at the beginning of the 1991 operation to liberate Kuwait from Iraqi occupation, most if not all of which were organized as part of the battlefield air defence systems of the Republican Guard divisions.

During the operation, 27 coalition aircraft are believed to have been hit by Iraqi IR-homing SAMs, resulting in 14 losses. Some of the losses were shot down on the spot, while others, such as OA-10A 77-0197, returned to base only to be lost in a crash landing.[12] Others landed safely, but were written off as total losses.

At least two losses are believed to have been due to Strela-10s: On February 15 an A-10A (78-0722) of 353rd TFS/354th TFW was hit by a SAM believed to be a Strela-10, some 100 km north west of Kuwait City, while attacking Republican Guard targets. Pilot Lt Robert Sweet ejected and was made a prisoner of war. While attempting to protect Sweet on the ground, his wingman Steven Phyllis flying an A-10A 79-0130 was also hit by what is believed to have been a Strela-10. Phyllis was killed in the incident.[12]

Kosovo War

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During NATO bombing campaign against FR Yugoslavia, a Strela-10 managed to hit an A-10 of United States Air Force on 11 May 1999.[13]

Syrian Civil War

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On April 14, 2018, American, British, and French forces launched a barrage of 105 air-to-surface and cruise missiles targeting eight sites in Syria. According to a Russian source, five Strela-10 missiles launched in response destroyed three incoming missiles,[14] However, the American Department of Defense stated in a daily press briefing that no Allied missiles were shot down.[15]

2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

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The Armenian Air Defense employed Strela-10 missile systems during the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. During the opening days of the war, several videos released by the Azerbaijani military showed several Armenian 9K33 Osa and Strela-10 vehicles destroyed by Bayraktar TB2 armed drones.[16][17]

Russian Invasion of Ukraine 2022

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A Strela-10 from the Russian Armed Forces was recorded running over a civilian car in the opening weeks of the war. The driver of the car was uninjured.[18] A Russian Strela-10M guarding Snake Island was destroyed by a Bayraktar TB2 on 30 April 2022.[19] A Ukrainian Strela-10M system was reported destroyed by the Russian Air Force near Lisichansk on 17 June 2022. [20] A Russian source claimed in September 2023 that Russia uses the 9M333 missile in Ukraine.[21]

Wagner Group rebellion

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A video of a Strela-10 targeting and almost hitting a Russian Army Ka-52 helicopter near Voronezh has been published.[22] Another Ka-52 was able to decoy a missile fired from a Wagner operated 9K35 Strela-10 by use of flares. [23]

Operators

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Operators
  Current
  Former

Current operators

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Former operators

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[edit]
  • Strela-10 of Russian 4th Guards Tank Division.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "KB Tochmash 9K35 Strela-10 (SA-13 'Gopher') low-altitude surface-to-air missile system". Jane's. 2008-01-16. Retrieved 2008-08-03.[permanent dead link]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i "РАКЕТНЫЙ КОМПЛЕКС 9К35 "СТРЕЛА-10СВ": Боевые средства")". Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2010-07-14.
  3. ^ "Russia's armed forces to get advanced "Strela-10M4" air defense systems | defencerussia". Defencerussia.wordpress.com. 2015-05-19. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  4. ^ Russian Sosna air defense missile system unveiled at Army-2018 Archived 2018-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. Army Recognition. 21 August 2018.
  5. ^ "Унифицированный батарейный командный пункт 9С737М". RusArmy.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  6. ^ a b "ракетный комплекс 9К35М3 "Стрела-10М3" (9К35М "Стрела-10М")". Archived from the original on 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
  7. ^ a b c "ЗРК "Стрела-1"". Pvo.guns.ru. Archived from the original on 2016-03-10. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  8. ^ "CHAPARRAL". Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Ford MIM-72 Chaparral". Designation-systems.net. 2002-02-20. Archived from the original on 2012-09-17. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  10. ^ "Raytheon AIM-9 Sidewinder". scramble.nl. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
  11. ^ Lord, Dick (2008). From Fledgling to Eagle: The South African Air Force during the Border War. Johannesburg: 30 Degrees South. pp. 438–439. ISBN 978-1-920143-30-5.
  12. ^ a b "Desert Storm A-10 Combat Losses". Archived from the original on May 15, 2010. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
  13. ^ "Kojim raketnim sistemima zameniti Strele u Vojsci Srbije?". Tango Six (in Serbian). 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2022-03-30.
  14. ^ "Briefing by Russian Defence Ministry official Major General Igor Konashenkov (April 16, 2018)". Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  15. ^ "Department of Defense Press Briefing by Pentagon Chief Spokesperson". U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. Archived from the original on 22 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  16. ^ "Azerbaijan used TB2 drone to destroy twelve 9K33 Osa short-range anti-aircraft systems of Armenia". September 27, 2020.
  17. ^ Newdick, Joseph Trevithick and Thomas (28 September 2020). "Everything We Know About The Fighting That Has Erupted Between Armenia And Azerbaijan". The Drive.
  18. ^ "Ukraine: These videos do not show a Russian tank running over a civilian in Kyiv". France 24. 28 February 2022. In several videos, the Ukrainian soldiers nearby do not attack the armored vehicle after it runs over the car, nor does the vehicle flee. This is why several journalists claim that the driver of the Strela-10 was not one of these saboteurs, but rather a Ukrainian soldier who was thrown off by the shooting that had taken place nearby. They said the collision between the car and the Ukrainian armored vehicle was accidental and caused by the fighting.
  19. ^ @UAWeapons (2 May 2022). "#Ukraine: Some more footage made its way to us from Snake Island- another Ukrainian Bayraktar TB-2 drone strike.T…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  20. ^ @yamphoto (17 June 2022). "#Ukraine: In #Lysychansk the threat is from above. Remnant of an anti-aircraft armored vehicle, no longer guarding the skies" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  21. ^ "ЦАМТО / / ВС России начали применять в зоне СВО зенитные ракеты 9М333, обходящие тепловые ловушки".
  22. ^ Cᴀʟɪʙʀᴇ Oʙsᴄᴜʀᴀ. "Tweet". Twitter. Retrieved 24 June 2023. It seems the mystery of how the fuel depot went up in #Voronezh is solved- a Wagner operated Strela-10 fired on a VKS Ka-52, but the likely 9M37-series missile missed and hit the depot. Explains why the Ka-52 wasn't seen firing rockets, just dropping flares.
  23. ^ Lenkov, Alexey (26 June 2023). "Ka-52 came back from the dead by dropping anti-missile decoys". Bulgarian Military. Retrieved 27 June 2023.
  24. ^ International Institute for Strategic Studies (2021). The Military Balance. Taylor & Francis. p. 449. ISBN 9781032012278.
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  26. ^ Gibson, Neil; Fediushko, Dmitry (22 January 2019). "Laotian military parades Russian- and Chinese-made equipment". Jane's 360. London, Moscow. Archived from the original on 23 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  27. ^ "История ВВС КНДР". Airwar.ru. Archived from the original on 2016-02-24. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  28. ^ "Kalashnikov begins serial production of new missile for Strela-10M air defense system". TASS.
  29. ^ "Russia's top brass signs a host of deals on advanced weapons delivery to Russian troops". TASS.
  30. ^ "Defense firm delivers latest missiles for Strela air defense system to Russian troops". TASS.
  31. ^ "ЦАМТО / / «Калашников» досрочно выполнил гособоронзаказ по ЗУР 9М333".
  32. ^ "«Концерн «Калашников» успешно отгрузил крупную партию зенитных управляемых ракет (ЗУР) 9М333". Сделано у нас (in Russian). 2024-05-25. Retrieved 2024-05-25.
  33. ^ "Шаманов: Оснащение ВДВ отдельными видами новейшего вооружения идет с опережением сроков | Еженедельник "Военно-промышленный курьер"". Vpk-news.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-08. Retrieved 2016-02-16.
  34. ^ "Валерий Герасимов: за пятилетний период принято на вооружение более 300 новых образцов ВиВТ" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-11-07.
  35. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / На вооружение мотострелкового соединения ЮВО поступили ПЗРК "Верба" и ЗРК "Стрела-10МН"". armstrade.org.
  36. ^ "Војска Србије – Наоружање Копнене војске – Средства за противваздухопловна дејства – Ракетни систем ПВД СТРЕЛА-10М". Archived from the original on 2014-11-26. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cullen, Tony; Foss, C.F. (1 March 1992). Jane's Land-based Air Defence 1992-93 (5 ed.). Jane's Information Group. pp. 257–261. ISBN 978-0710609793.
  38. ^ Institute for Strategic Studies (4 March 2011). The military balance, 2011. London: Routledge. p. 321. ISBN 978-1857436068.
  39. ^ Kočevar, Iztok (August 2014). "Micmac à tire-larigot chez Tito: L'arme blindée yougoslave durant la Guerre froide" [The Yugoslav armored arm during the Cold War]. Batailles et Blindés (in French). No. 62. Caraktère. pp. 66–79. ISSN 1765-0828.
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