Jump to content

Dog meat

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Gaegogi)

Dog meat
Various cuts of dog meat
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,096 kJ (262 kcal)
0.1 g
Dietary fiber0 g
20.2 g
19 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV
Vitamin A equiv.
0%
3.6 μg
Thiamine (B1)
10%
0.12 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
14%
0.18 mg
Niacin (B3)
12%
1.9 mg
Vitamin C
3%
3 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV
Calcium
1%
8 mg
Iron
16%
2.8 mg
Phosphorus
13%
168 mg
Potassium
9%
270 mg
Sodium
3%
72 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water60.1 g
Cholesterol44.4 mg
Ash0.8 g
Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[2] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[3]
Source: Yong-Geun Ann (1999)[1]

Dog meat is the flesh and other edible parts derived from dogs. Historically human consumption of dog meat has been recorded in many parts of the world.[4]

In the 21st century dog meat is consumed to a limited extent in China,[5] Vietnam,[6] Cambodia,[7] Laos,[8] Indonesia, North Korea, Nigeria,[9] Ghana, Switzerland,[10] and India.[11] The legality of dog meat consumption varies with some nations permitting it or lacking a nationwide ban. Some cultures view the consumption of dog meat as part of their traditional, ritualistic, or day-to-day cuisine, and other cultures consider consumption of dog meat a taboo, even where it had been consumed in the past. Opinions also vary drastically across different regions within different countries.[12][13] It was estimated in 2014 that worldwide, 25 million dogs are eaten each year by humans.[14]

Historical practices

Mesoamerica

During a portion of the Preclassic and Early Classic period (1200 BCE through 250 CE), dogs in Cuello, Belize were bred and killed once they reached one year of age. Dog bones had completed epiphyseal fusion and did not indicate the normal pattern of wear like adult dogs who lived longer than a year. Puppy remains were not found. Dogs were castrated and fed maize until they were fat enough to be ready for slaughter. Throughout the Preclassic period in the Yucatán region, dogs were not the primary meat supply, but archaeological evidence indicates they were a substantial part of the Maya diet. In fact, at the Colha site, white-tailed deer accounted for up to fifty percent of the Maya meat source. Starting in the Preclassic period, Maya elites served dogs during competitive feasts. They were either stewed or were burned in a sacrificial ceremony. Bones were chopped, broken, crushed and boiled to extract the marrow inside.

Aztecs

In the Aztec Empire, Mexican hairless dogs were bred for many purposes.[15] Hernán Cortés, an enemy of the Aztec, claimed in a letter that when he arrived in Tenochtitlan in 1519, "small gelded dogs which they breed for eating" were among the goods sold in the city markets.[16] No other source corroborates this practice. These dogs, Xoloitzcuintles, were often depicted in pre-Columbian Mexican pottery. The breed was almost extinct in the 1940s, but the British military attaché in Mexico City, Norman Wright, developed a thriving breed from some of the dogs he found in remote villages.[17] The genetic heritage of the breed has been almost erased through interbreeding with other dog breeds to keep its looks alive.[18]

Native North Americans

The traditional culture surrounding the consumption of dog meat varied from tribe to tribe among the original inhabitants of North America, with some tribes relishing it as a delicacy, and others (such as the Comanche) treating it as a forbidden food.[19] Native peoples of the Great Plains, such as the Sioux and Cheyenne, consumed it, but there was a concurrent religious taboo against the meat of wild canines.[20]

The Kickapoo people include puppy meat in many of their traditional festivals.[21] This practice has been well documented in the Works Progress Administration "Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma".[22][23]

On 20 December 2018, the federal Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act was signed into law as part of the 2018 Farm Bill. It bans slaughtering dogs and cats for food in the United States, with exceptions for Native American rituals.[24]

Europe

One of Ireland's mythological heroes, Cú Chulainn, had two geasa, or vows, one of which was to avoid the meat of dogs and the other was not to refuse an offer of hospitality. In the myth of his death, the breaking of this geis after being offered a meal of dog flesh removed his invulnerability, allowing him to be killed in battle the next day.[citation needed]

Ovid, Plutarch, Pliny, and other Latin authors, describe the sacrifice of puppies (catulina) to infernal deities, and for protection against grain-rust, the meat being subsequently prepared and consumed.[25]

Austronesia

Indigenous Taiwan

The Indigenous Taiwanese originally had taboos against eating dogs, which featured prominently in their cultural myths. The indigenous Taiwan Dog was deeply valued as a hunting companion. However, they also started consuming dog meat after it was introduced by incoming waishengren (mainlander) Han Chinese migrants in the mid-20th century, leading to the near-extinction of the Taiwan Dog.[26][27]

Island Southeast Asia

Domesticated dogs were carried into the Philippines by the Neolithic Austronesian migrations from Taiwan, whose dogs in turn were acquired from the pre-Austronesian cultures in Neolithic southeastern China. Dog meat were consumed in some pre-colonial Philippine ethnic groups during certain shamanic rituals and special occasions. However, dog bones are very rarely found in middens in archaeological sites, in contrast to pig and deer remains; and most complete dog remains in archaeological sites are of dog burials near or beside human graves. This indicates that while dogs were sometimes eaten, they were primarily kept as companions and hunting dogs, and not as food animals. The Spanish historian Francisco Ignacio Alcina have detailed descriptions of the affectionate treatment of dogs by native Visayans in the 17th century, during the early Spanish colonial period. Alcina disapprovingly records that dogs were treated by locals like their own children. Thus, the rise in the consumption of dog meat as food in the secular context in some ethnic groups in the Philippines is likely to have only occurred some time after the arrival of the Spanish.[28][29][30]

The tradition of eating dog meat for ritual purposes in some ethnic groups survived into the modern times in the Cordillera highlands of the Philippines. Among Cordillerans, dogs are sacrificed and eaten in a cleansing ritual known as dao-es or daw-es. The ritual is typically done after a person dies unexpectedly (through murder or an accident), gets severely ill, was released from prison, or witnessed death firsthand. Cordillerans believe that dogs have one of the purest souls among animals, comparable to humans, and thus they are the most appealing to the ancestor spirits (anito). The dog soul is sent as a messenger to the spirit world by a shaman (mambunong), which is believed to cleanse the minds of participants of images of death and evil spirits.[29][31][32][33] These rituals are still legally permitted, though they are required to keep records and are overseen by the Committee on Animal Welfare.[34]

Oceania

Extinct Hawaiian Poi Dog (center)

Dogs lost their economic importance as hunting animals (usually for wild boar) among Austronesians that reached the smaller islands in Melanesia and Polynesia. They became a competitor for limited food resources and thus were themselves eaten. The Austronesian domesticated dogs originally carried by the Lapita Culture migrations were eaten to extinction in many islands since ancient times. Dogs were reintroduced later on from surviving populations in other islands as well as dogs that descended from non-Austronesian Mainland Southeast Asian populations. This caused a marked discontinuity in the genes of domesticated dogs, as well as the terms for dogs, among Austronesians in the Pacific Islands, in comparison to other Austronesian regions in Island Southeast Asia.[35][36]

Dogs were historically eaten in Tahiti and other islands of Polynesia, including Hawaii[37][38] at the time of first European contact. James Cook, when first visiting Tahiti in 1769, recorded in his journal, "few were there of us but what allow'd that a South Sea Dog was next to an English Lamb, one thing in their favour is that they live entirely upon Vegetables".[39] Calvin Schwabe reported in 1979 that dog was widely eaten in Hawaii and considered to be of higher quality than pork or chicken. When Hawaiians first encountered early British and American explorers, they were at a loss to explain the visitors' attitudes about dog meat. The Hawaiians raised both dogs and pigs as pets and for food. They could not understand why their British and American visitors only found the pig suitable for consumption.[4] This practice seems to have died out, along with the native Hawaiian breed of dog, the unique Hawaiian Poi Dog, which was primarily used for this purpose.[40]

Although Hawaii has outlawed commercial sales of dog meat, until the federal Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act it was legal to slaughter an animal classified as a pet if it was "bred for human consumption" and done in a "humane" manner. This allowed dog meat trade to continue, mostly using stray, lost, or stolen dogs.[41][42]

Religious dietary laws

According to kashrut, Jewish dietary law, it is forbidden to consume the flesh of terrestrial mammals that do not chew their cud and have cloven hooves, which includes dogs.[43]

In most Islamic dietary laws, the consumption of the flesh of a dog, or any carnivorous animal, or any animal bearing fangs, claws, fingers or reptilian scales, is prohibited. Only in the Maliki school is it makruh, meaning disliked, but not prohibited.[44]

Dogs as survival food

Wars and famines

In most European countries, the consumption of dog meat is taboo. Exceptions occurred in times of scarcity, such as sieges or famines.

In Germany, dog meat has been eaten in every major crisis since at least the time of Frederick the Great, and was commonly referred to as "blockade mutton".[12]

During the 19th century westward movement in the United States, mountainmen, Native Americans, the U.S. Army, as well as the Confederacy during the American Civil War[45] frequently had to sustain themselves on dog meat; the first to be consumed would be the horses, then the mules, and lastly the dogs.[46]

Photographic hoax showing the announced opening of a Great Dog Butchery, Paris, France, 1910

During the Siege of Paris (1870–1871), food shortages caused by the German blockade of the city caused the citizens of Paris to turn to alternative sources for food, including dog meat. Dog meat was also reported as being sold by some butchers in Paris in 1910.[47][48]

In the early 20th century, high meat prices led to widespread consumption of horse and dog meat in Germany.[49][50][51]

In the early 20th century in the United States, dog meat was consumed during times of meat shortage.[52]

A few meat shops sold dog meat during the German occupation of Belgium in World War I, when food was scarce.[53]

In the latter part of World War I, dog meat was being eaten in Saxony by the poorer classes because of famine conditions.[54]

In Germany, the consumption of dog meat continued in the 1920s.[55][56] In 1937, a meat inspection law targeted against trichinella was introduced for pigs, dogs, boars, foxes, badgers, and other carnivores.[57]

During severe meat shortages coinciding with the German occupation from 1940 to 1945, sausages found to have been made of dog meat were confiscated by Nazi authorities in the Netherlands.[58]

Expeditions and emergencies

Travelers sometimes have to eat their accompanying dogs to survive when stranded without other food. For example, Benedict Allen ate his dog when lost in the Brazilian rainforest.[59] A case in Canada was reported in 2013.[60]

Lewis and Clark

During the Lewis and Clark Expedition (1803–1806), Meriwether Lewis and the other members of the Corps of Discovery consumed dog meat, either from their own animals or supplied by Native American tribes, including the Paiutes and Wah-clel-lah Indians, a branch of the Watlatas,[61] the Clatsop,[62] the Teton Sioux (Lakota),[63] the Nez Perce Indians (who did not eat dog themselves[64]),[65] and the Hidatsas.[66] Lewis and the members of the expedition ate dog meat, except William Clark, who reportedly could not bring himself to eat dogs.[67][68][69]

Polar exploration

British explorer Ernest Shackleton and his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition became trapped, and ultimately killed their sled dogs for food.

Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen's party famously planned to eat their sled dogs, as well as to feed weaker dogs to other dogs, during their expedition to the South Pole. This allowed the party to carry less food, thus lightening the load, and ultimately helped Amundsen to win his race to the South Pole against Robert Scott's expedition, which used ponies.[70] When comparing sled dogs to ponies as draught animals, Amundsen noted:

There is the obvious advantage that dog can be fed on dog. One can reduce one's pack little by little, slaughtering the feebler ones and feeding the chosen with them. In this way they get fresh meat. Our dogs lived on dog's flesh and pemmican the whole way, and this enabled them to do splendid work. And if we ourselves wanted a piece of fresh meat we could cut off a delicate little fillet; it tasted to us as good as the best beef. The dogs do not object at all; as long as they get their share they do not mind what part of their comrade's carcass it comes from. All that was left after one of these canine meals was the teeth of the victim – and if it had been a really hard day, these also disappeared.[71]

Douglas Mawson and Xavier Mertz were part of the Far Eastern Party, a three-man sledging team with Lieutenant B. E. S. Ninnis, to survey King George V Land, Antarctica. On 14 December 1912 Ninnis fell through a snow-covered crevasse along with most of the party's rations, and was never seen again. Mawson and Mertz turned back immediately. They had one and a half weeks' food for themselves and nothing at all for the dogs. Their meagre provisions forced them to eat their remaining sled dogs on their 315-mile (507 km) return journey. Their meat was tough, stringy and without a vestige of fat. Each animal yielded very little, and the major part was fed to the surviving dogs, which ate the meat, skin and bones until nothing remained. The men also ate the dog's brains and livers. Unfortunately eating the liver of sled dogs produces the condition hypervitaminosis A because canines have a much higher tolerance for vitamin A than humans do. Mertz suffered a quick deterioration. He developed stomach pains and became incapacitated and incoherent. On 7 January 1913, Mertz died. Mawson continued alone, eventually making it back to camp alive.[13]

Current laws

The slaughter, sale, purchase (including import), or consumption of dog meat is banned in some countries and legal in others, as listed in the table below and summed up in the map.

    Restrictions in the entire territory on any of the following: selling, purchasing, or consuming dog meat, or slaughtering dogs. There are exceptions in the Philippines and US for traditional use.     No data or no such restrictions.
Laws about dog meat intended for human consumption
Country / Territory Slaughter and sale Consumption Purchase and import
Argentina Argentina Red XN Consumption illegal[72][73]
Australia Australia Red XN Slaughter and sale illegal[74] Green tickY Consumption legal[74] except South Australia since 1953[75]
Austria Austria Red XN Slaughter illegal[76]
Brazil Brazil Red XN Slaughter and sale are illegal with harsher laws in specific states[77][78][79] Green tickY Consumption legal
Canada Canada Green tickY Slaughter and sale legal[80] Green tickY Consumption legal[81]
Chile Chile Red XN Commercial sale illegal[82] Green tickY Consumption legal[82]
Macau Macau Red XN Commercial sale illegal Red XN Consumption illegal[83]
Colombia Colombia Red XN Consumption illegal[84]
China China Green tickY Slaughter legal.[85] Green tickY Consumption legal, except Shenzhen and Zhuhai since 2020[85][86][87][88]
France France Red XN Slaughter and sale illegal[89] Green tickY Consumption legal[89]
Germany Germany Red XN Production and sale illegal since 1986[90] Green tickY Consumption legal[91] Red XN Import illegal[92]
India India Green tickY Sale legal[93][11] Green tickY Consumption legal[93][11] Red XN Import illegal unless with special certificate issued by Animal Quarantine and Certification Services (AQCS): This department is under the Department of Animal Husbandry.
Hong Kong Hong Kong Red XN All slaughter and sale is unlawful since 1950[94] Red XN Consumption illegal since 1950 Green tickY Import requires a permit[95]
Kazakhstan Kazakhstan Green tickY Consumption legal, ban announced in October 2021[96][97][98][99]
Mali Mali Red XN Slaughter illegal since 2012[100]
Mexico Mexico Red XN Consumption illegal[101]
North Korea North Korea Green tickY Slaughter and sale legal[102][103] Green tickY Consumption legal[103][102]
Philippines Philippines Red XN Slaughter illegal since 1998. Indigenous religious rituals are exempt.[104][105] Sale, transfer, or distribution for human consumption illegal since 2007.[106][107]
Russia Russia Green tickY Consumption legal[108]
Rwanda Rwanda Green tickY Sale legal[109] Green tickY Purchase legal[109]
South Korea South Korea Red XN Slaughter and sale illegal from 2027 after a three-year grace period[110] Red XN Consumption illegal from 2027 after a three-year grace period[110]
Switzerland Switzerland Red XN Commercial slaughter illegal.[111] Green tickY Slaughter for own use legal[112] Green tickY Consumption legal[113] Red XN Import illegal[111]
Taiwan Taiwan Red XN Slaughter and sale illegal since 1998[114][115] Red XN Consumption illegal since 2017[115]
United Kingdom United Kingdom Red XN Sale illegal[116] Green tickY Consumption legal[117]
United States United States Red XN Slaughter and sale illegal since 2018.[118][119] Native Americans performing religious ceremonies are exempt. Before 2018, banned in 6 states[120] Red XN Import illegal

Modern practices

Africa

Cameroon

Dogs are eaten by Vame people for certain religious rituals.[121]

Democratic Republic of the Congo

In 2011 it was reported that, due to high prices on other types of meat, the consumption of dog meat is common despite a longstanding taboo.[122]

Ghana

The Tallensi, the Akyims, the Kokis, and the Yaakuma, one of many cultures of Ghana, consider dog meat a delicacy. The Mamprusi people generally avoid dog meat, and it is eaten in a "courtship stew" provided by a king to his royal lineage. Two Tribes in Ghana, Frafra and Dagaaba are particularly known to be "tribal playmates" and consumption of dog meat is the common bond between the two tribes. Every year around September, games are organised between these two tribes and the Dog Head is the trophy at stake for the winning tribe.[123]

It was reported in 2017 that increasing demand for dog meat (due to the belief it gives more energy) has led politician Anthony Karbo to propose dog meat factories in three northern regions of Ghana.[124][125]

Nigeria

Dogs are eaten by various groups in some states of Nigeria, including Ondo State, Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Plateau, Kalaba, Taraba and Gombe of Nigeria.[123][126] They are believed to have medicinal powers. The meat is believed to improve one's sex life, provide immunity from diseases and poisoning, and offer protection from juju (charms).[9][127]

In late 2014, the fear of contracting the Ebola virus disease from bushmeat led at least one major Nigerian newspaper to imply that eating dog meat was a healthy alternative.[128] That paper documented a thriving trade in dog meat and slow sales of even well smoked bushmeat.

Americas

Canada

It is legal to eat dog meat in Canada. According to a writer for the National Post, this is because it is not nessecary to prevent people from eating dogs.[129] While it is technically legal to serve dog meat in a restaurant in Canada if it has been inspected, it may not be possible to actually do so.[130] In 2003, uninspected frozen canine meat was found at a Chinese restaurant named "Panda Garden" in Edmonton, Alberta.[131] Provincial authorities determine if an animal species can be approved for slaughter; which would require dogs to be classified as a "food animal" and for individual animals to not be raised as pets. No license has ever been granted for this purpose. There is also no recognized way to import dog meat into the country.[132]

United States

In December 2018, Donald Trump signed the Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act of 2018 into law. Previously, the dog and cat meat trade was legal in 44 states.[133]

In July 2023, congresspeople Vern Buchanan and Jared Moskowitz introduced a resolution that would call for banning dog and cat meat globally.[134]

Asia/Pacific

Cambodia

Animal welfare NGO Four Paws estimates that 2–3 million dogs are slaughtered annually for their meat in Cambodia.[135] According to a market research study in 2019 on the dog meat trade in Cambodia, overall a total of 53.6% of respondents indicated that they have eaten dog meat at some time in their lives (72.4% of males and 34.8% of females).[136] A new campaign began in 2020 to end dog meat consumption.[137][138][139][140][141][142]

Hong Kong

In Hong Kong, the Dogs and Cats Ordinance was introduced by the British Hong Kong Government on 6 January 1950.[143] It prohibits the slaughter of any dog or cat for use as food by fine and imprisonment.[144][145] In February 1998, a Hong Konger was sentenced to one month imprisonment and a fine of two thousand HK dollars for hunting street dogs for food.[146] Four local men were sentenced to 30 days imprisonment in December 2006 for having slaughtered two dogs.[147]

India

Consumption of dog meat is rare in India, seen in a few Tibeto-Burman tribal communities in most states of Northeast India including Mizoram,[148] Nagaland,[149] Manipur,[150] Meghalaya,[151] Tripura, and Arunachal Pradesh.[152]

In 2016, animal rights activist Maneka Gandhi, then Minister of Women and Child Development of India, raised a nation-wide petition to stop dog meat sale and consumption, specifically targeting Nagaland and Mizoram.[153] The issue caught public attention when she posted on Twitter on 30 June 2022 a photograph of dog trade in Nagaland, commenting: "This is illegal according to the laws of India and it cannot be allowed under the guise of culture."[154][155] In Nagaland, pet lovers had launched a campaign to end Nagaland's dog meat trade.[156] Following Gandhi's remarks, the Federation of Indian Animal Protection Organisations (FIAPO) formally requested the Government of Nagaland to ban the consumption and trading of dog meat.[157] On 3 July 2020, the Nagaland cabinet meeting passed the legislation for banning the sale and consumption of dog meat in the state.[158][159] The regulation was enacted the next day when the Chief Secretary of Nagaland, Temjen Toy, issued an order banning dog markets, the commercial import and trading of dogs, and commercial sale of dog meat.[160][161]

In November 2020, dog meat traders challenged the Nagaland's legislation at the Nagaland High Court under the case file Neizevolie Kuotsu Alias Toni Kuotsu and ors v. State of Nagaland and ors.[162] The legislation was momentarily withheld but without final decision.[163] In 2023, the case was put up at the Gauhati High Court Kohima Bench, in which Justice Marli Vankung made a verdict on 2 June nullifying the government's legislation.[164][165] The judgement reads: "The prohibition of sale and consumption of dog meat, by the Executive branch of the Government, without there being any law passed by the legislature in relation to trade and consumption of dog meat is liable thus to be set aside, even though it was passed in accordance with a Cabinet decision."[93][166] The judgement further stated that the Chief Secretary is not an authority to make such legal matters,[164] and that selling and eating dog meat do not violate any law in India,[165] and the practice is "an accepted norm and food among people of Nagaland."[167][168]

In Mizoram, dog meat is freely sold and eaten.[169][170] According to the Mizoram Animal Slaughter Act 2013, dogs are classified alongside cattle as animals allowed for slaughter, meat trade and consumption.[171] The State Animal Welfare Board of the Government of Mizoram had challenged this classification. On 4 March 2020, the Mizoram State Assembly passed the Mizoram Animal Slaughter (Amendment) Bill, 2020, which removed dogs from animals permitted to be killed for meat.[172][173] The news was taken as prohibition of slaughter of dogs in the state,[174][175] but is not the case as it merely implied lack of legislation on dog meat.[176] In 2023, there were pressures from pet lovers to enforce the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Dog Breeding and Marketing) Rule 2017 that would ban dog meat sale, but were received with stern criticisms from the public.[177][170]

In Meghalaya, killing of stray or domesticated dogs is a punishable offence since 2021. On 9 September 2021, the Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Department of the Government of Meghalaya issued an order that prohibited slaughter of dogs for any purpose.[178]

Indonesia

Rintek wuuk (RW), a Manado dog meat dish from North Sulawesi

Indonesia is predominantly Muslim, a faith which considers dog meat, along with pork, to be haram (ritually unclean).[179] The New York Times has reported that in spite of this, dog meat consumption has been growing in popularity among Muslims and other ethnic groups in the country due to its cheap price and purported health or medicinal benefits.[180]

Although reliable data on the dog meat trade is scarce, various welfare groups estimate that at least 1 million dogs are killed every year to be eaten.[181] On the resort island of Bali alone, between 60,000 and 70,000 dogs are slaughtered and eaten a year, in spite of lingering concerns about the spread of rabies following an outbreak of the disease there a few years ago, according to the Bali Animal Welfare Association.[182] Marc Ching of the Animal Hope and Wellness Foundation claimed in 2017 that the treatment of dogs in Indonesia was the "most sadistic" out of anywhere they were killed for their meat.[183] According to Rappler and The Independent, the slaughter process for dogs in Tomohon, Sulawesi resulted in some of them being blowtorched alive.[184][185]

The consumption of dog meat is often associated with the Minahasa culture of North Sulawesi,[186] Maluku culture, Toraja culture, various ethnic from East Nusa Tenggara, and the Bataks of northern Sumatra.[187] The code for restaurants or vendors selling dog meat is "RW", an abbreviation for rintek wuuk (Minahasan euphemism means "fine hair") or "B1" abbreviation for biang (Batak language for female dog or "bitch").

Popular Indonesian dog-meat dishes are Minahasan spicy meat dish called rica-rica. Dog meat rica-rica specifically called rica-rica "RW" which stands for Rintek Wuuk in the Minahasan language, which means "fine hair" as a euphemism referring for fine hair found in roasted dog meat.[179] It is cooked as Patong dish by Toraja people, and as Saksang "B1" (stands for Biang which means "dog" or "bitch" in Batak dialect) by Batak people of North Sumatra. On Java, there are several dishes made from dog meat, such as sengsu (tongseng asu), sate jamu (lit. "medicinal satay"), and kambing balap (lit. "racing goat"). Asu is Javanese for "dog".

Dog consumption in Indonesia gained attention during the 2012 U.S. presidential election when incumbent Barack Obama was pointed out by his opponent to have eaten dog meat served by his Indonesian stepfather Lolo Soetoro when Obama was living in the country.[179] Obama wrote about his experience of eating dog in his book Dreams of My Father,[188] and at the 2012 White House Correspondents' Dinner joked about eating dog.[189][190]

According to Lyn White of Animals Australia, the consumption of dog meat in Bali is not a long-held tradition. She said the meat first came from a Christian ethnic group coming to Bali, where a minority of the immigrants working in the hospitality industry have fuelled the trade.[191]

In June 2017, an investigative report discovered that tourists in Bali are unknowingly eating dog meat sold by street vendors.[192]

Japan

Although the vast majority of Japanese do not eat dog meat, it has been reported that more than 100 outlets in the country have been selling it imported, mainly to foreign customers.[193][194] In 675 AD, Emperor Tenmu decreed a prohibition on its consumption during the 4th through 9th months of the year. According to Meisan Shojiki Ōrai (名産諸色往来) published in 1760, the meat of wild dog was sold along with boar, deer, fox, wolf, bear, raccoon dog, otter, weasel and cat in some regions of Edo.[195]

Mainland China

Dogs being butchered in Guangdong, China
A platter of cooked dog meat in Guilin, China

Estimates for total dog killings in China range from 10 to 20 million dogs annually, for purposes of human consumption.[196] However, estimates such as these are not official and are derived from extrapolating industry reports on meat tonnage to an estimate of dogs killed.[197]

Consuming dog meat is legal in mainland China except for the city of Shenzhen,[85] and the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture has never issued quarantine procedures for slaughtering dogs.[198][199] In 2020, the commercial slaughter and sale of dogs was banned in all of China.[200][failed verification]

The eating of dog meat in China dates back to around 500 BCE, and possibly even earlier. It has been suggested that wolves in southern China may have been domesticated as a source of meat.[201] Mencius (372–289 BCE) talked about dog meat as being an edible, dietary meat.[202] It was reported in the early 2000s that the meat was thought to have medicinal properties, and had been popular in northern China during the winter, as it was believed to raise body temperature after consumption and promote warmth.[203][204] Historical records have shown how in times of food scarcities (as in wartime situations), dogs could also be eaten as an emergency food source.[205]

In modern times, the extent of dog consumption in China varies by region. Generally, it is most prevalent in some of the southern provinces, especially in Canton, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, Hubei and Anhui, as well as a few of the northern provinces such as Henan, Shandong and Jilin.[206] It was reportedly common in 2010 to find dog meat served in restaurants in Southern China, where dogs are reared on farms for consumption.[207] In 2012, Chinese netizens and the Chinese police intercepted trucks transporting caged dogs to be slaughtered in localities such as Chongqing and Kunming.[208]

Prepared and cooked dog ready for purchase

Since 2009,[209] Yulin, Guangxi, has held an annual festival of eating dog meat (purportedly a celebration of the summer solstice). In 2014, the municipal government published a statement distancing itself from the festival, saying it was not a cultural tradition, but rather a commercial event held by restaurants and the public.[210] The festival in 2011 spanned 10 days, during which 15,000 dogs were consumed.[211] Estimates of the number of dogs eaten in 2015 for the festival ranged from as high as 10,000[212][213] to lower than 1,000 amid growing pressure at home and abroad to end it.[214][215] Festival organizers state that only dogs bred specifically for consumption are used, while objectors say that some of the dogs purchased for slaughter and consumption are strays or stolen pets.[216][217] Some of the dogs at the festival are alleged to have been burnt or boiled alive[218] or beaten out of the belief that increased adrenaline circulating in the dog's body adds to the flavor of the meat.[212][216] Other reports, however, state that there have been little evidence of those practices since 2015.[215][214]

Prior to the 2014 festival, eight dogs (and their two cages) sold for 1,150 yuan ($185) and six puppies for 1,200 yuan.[219] Prior to the 2015 festival, a protester bought 100 dogs for 7,000 yuan ($1,100; £710).[213] The animal rights NGO Best Volunteer Centre commented that the city had more than 100 slaughterhouses, processing between 30 and 100 dogs a day. The Yulin Centre for Animal Disease Control and Prevention states the city has only eight dog slaughterhouses selling approximately 200 dogs, and this increases to about 2,000 dogs during the Yulin festival.[220] There have been several campaigns to stop the festival, with the first one reportedly having started among locals in China.[215] In 2016, a petition calling for an end to the festival garnered 11 million signatures in the country.[221] More than 3 million people have also signed petitions against it on Weibo (China's equivalent of Twitter).[212] Prior to the 2014 festival, doctors and nurses were ordered not to eat dog meat there, and local restaurants serving dog meat were ordered to cover the word "dog" on their signs and notices.[210] Reports in 2014 and 2016 have also suggested that the majority of Chinese on and offline disapprove of the festival.[222][223][224]

The movement against the consumption of cat and dog meat was given added impetus by the formation of the Chinese Companion Animal Protection Network (CCAPN). Having expanded to more than 40 member societies, CCAPN began organizing protests against eating dog and cat meat in 2006, starting in Guangzhou and continuing in more than ten other cities following a positive response from the public.[225] Before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, officials ordered dog meat to be taken off the menu at its 112 official Olympic restaurants to avoid offending visitors from various nations where the consumption of dog meat is taboo.[226] In 2010, draft legislation was proposed to prohibit the consumption of dog meat.[227] In 2010, the first draft proposal of it was introduced, with the rationale to protect animals from maltreatment. The legislation included a measure to jail people for up to 15 days for eating dog meat,[228] but there were few expectations for it to be enforced.[227]

Decline

As of the early 21st century, dog meat consumption in China is declining.[229] In 2014, dog meat sales decreased by a third compared to 2013.[230] It was reported that in 2015, one of the most popular restaurants in Guangzhou serving dog meat was closed after the local government tightened regulations; the restaurant had served dog meat dishes since 1963. Other restaurants that served dog and cat meat in the Yuancun and Panyu districts also stopped serving these dishes in 2015.[231] Close to 9 million Chinese in 2016 also voted online for proposed legislation to end the consumption of dog and cat meat, but the legislation was not taken forward.[214][232]

In April 2020, Shenzhen became the first Chinese city to ban consumption and production of dog and cat meat.[233] This came as part of a wider clampdown on the wildlife trade which was thought to be linked to COVID-19 outbreak. Citing examples of Hong Kong and Taiwan, the Shenzhen city government said, "Banning the consumption of dogs and cats and other pets is a common practice in developed countries ... This ban also responds to the demand and spirit of human civilization".[234] The city of Zhuhai followed suit in the same month with a similar ban.[235] These decisions were applauded by animal welfare groups such as Humane Society International.[235][236]

In the same month, the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture said it considers dogs as "companion animals", not as livestock.[237][238]

Malaysia

The consumption of dog meat is legal in Malaysia. The issue was brought to light in 2013 after the Malaysian Independent Animal Rescue group received a report alleging that a restaurant in Kampung Melayu, Subang had dogs caged and tortured before slaughtering them for their meat.[239]

North Korea

Dangogi (단고기), or sweet meat, refers to dog meat that is traditionally consumed during the hottest days of the year in North Korea, as it is believed to provide stamina. In 2023, the primary consumption dates coincide with the "sambok," or three hottest days, which are July 17, July 27, and August 16.[240]

A wall painting in the Goguryeo tombs complex in South Hwanghae province, a World Heritage Site which dates from the 4th century AD, depicts a slaughtered dog in a storehouse. The Balhae people also enjoyed dog meat, and the modern-day tradition of canine cuisine seems to have come from that era.[241]

Daily NK reported that in early 2010, the North Korean government included dog meat in its list of one hundred fixed prices, setting a fixed price of 500 won per kilogram.[242]

In September 2023, North Korea announced the construction of a luxury dog meat restaurant, the ‘Dog Meat Delicacy House,’ in Pyongyang. This initiative, approved by Kim Jong-un, is part of a state effort to promote "healthier eating."[243]

Dog meat is considered a national dish in North Korea, with numerous restaurants dedicated to it. Cooking contests that utilize all parts of the animal are also featured on state television. This development reflects the complex interplay of governance and food security in North Korea, highlighting both cultural traditions and the challenges faced by its population.[243]

South Korea

Gaegogi (개고기) literally means "dog meat" in Korean. The term itself is often mistaken as the term for Korean soup made from dog meat, which is actually called bosintang (보신탕; 補身湯, Body nourishing soup) (sometimes spelled "bo-shintang").

Estimates of the number of animals consumed vary widely. The Humane Society International has estimated that 2 million[244] or possibly more than 2.5 million dogs are reared on "dog meat farms" in South Korea (though, this number includes puppy mills for the pet industry).[245][246] According to the Korea Animal Rights Advocates (KARA), approximately 780,000 to 1 million dogs are consumed per year in South Korea.[247] However, these numbers have been critiqued as not being based on actual data and having no scientific basis.[248]

Estimates of dog meat consumption is much lower when accounting for actual sales. In 2017 the Moran Market, which occupied 30–40% of dog meat market in the nation,[249] reported sales of about 20,000 dogs per year.[250] Numbers have further declined from these 2017 estimates and all the major markets have shutdown, including Moran Market.[251] According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, approximately 200 dog farms have been reported to be operating; though, the supply to the dog meat market is unclear as these farms also supply the pet industry.[252]

In 2022, the Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of South Korea published a first official report called "Edible dog breeding and distribution survey". According to the report, as of February 2022, 521,121 dogs are reared in 1,156 dog meat farms and 388,000 dogs are consumed in 1,666 restaurants per year.[253]

Over the past 50 years, dog meat consumption has been declining as more people have been adopting dogs as pets. In a 2020 survey, 84% of the Korean population reported never having consumed dog meat nor having plans to ever do so.[254]

The most popular dish is the soup "boshingtang", a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months. Eating hot soups during the summer is thought to ensure good health by balancing one's "qi", the believed vital energy of the body. Dog meat is believed by some to increase the body temperature, to induce sweating to keep one cool during the summer (the way of dealing with heat is called heal heat with heat (이열치열, 以熱治熱, i-yeol-chi-yeol)). A 19th-century version of gaejang-guk explains the preparation of the dish by boiling dog meat with vegetables such as green onions and chili pepper powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots.[255]

The sale of dog meat is illegal, but slaughter and consumption is legal.[256] However, 'brutal' slaughters of any animals is prohibited by the Animal Protection Law (동물보호법), and some people were fined for slaughter of dogs by this law.[257] The sale is disallowed because South Korean Food Sanitary Law (식품위생법) does not include dog meat as a legal food ingredient. The Ministry of Food and Drug Safety recognizes any edible product other than drugs as food.[258] In the capital city of Seoul, the sale of dog meat was outlawed by regulation on 21 February 1984, by classifying dog meat as "repugnant food" (혐오식품, 嫌惡食品, hyeom-o sigpum), but the regulation was not rigorously enforced except during the 1988 Seoul Olympics. In 2001, the Mayor of Seoul announced there would be no extra enforcement efforts to control the sale of dog meat during the 2002 FIFA World Cup, which was partially hosted in Seoul. On 21 November 2018, the South Korean government closed the Taepyeong-dong complex in Seongnam, which served as the country's main dog slaughterhouse.[259][260]

The primary dog breed raised for meat is a non-specific landrace, whose dogs are commonly named as Nureongi (누렁이) or Hwangu (황구).[261][262] Nureongi are not the only type of dog currently slaughtered for their meat in South Korea. In 2015, The Korea Observer reported that many different pet breeds of dog are eaten in South Korea, including Labrador retrievers, golden retrievers and cocker spaniels, and that the dogs slaughtered for their meat often include former pets.[263] Some of them have reportedly been stolen from family homes.[264]

There is some vocal group of Koreans (consisting of a number of animal welfare groups) who oppose the practice of eating dog meat. Some Koreans do not eat the meat, but feel that it is the right of others to do so.[265] A group of activists attempted to promote and publicize the consumption of dog meat worldwide during the run-up to the 2002 FIFA World Cup, co-hosted by Japan and South Korea, which prompted retaliation from animal rights campaigners and prominent figures such as Brigitte Bardot to denounce the practice.[266] Opponents of dog meat consumption in South Korea are critical of the eating of dog meat, as some dogs are beaten, burnt or hanged to make their meat more tender.[267][268] In more recent decades, such practices are being prosecuted by law.[269][270]

Amidst the decline in dog meat consumption in contemporary Korea, a vocal group in Korea has critiqued the international outcry toward dog meat consumption as being hypocritical.[271] International animal rights activists have noted the hypocrisy, as well, given the horrific conditions under which factory farmed animals are raised in the West.[272] Some Korean citizens, as well as members of the international community, have pointed out that the nations from which most of the outcry has emerged have the highest per capita meat consumption on the planet, several-fold higher than that of South Korea.[273][274][275]

On January 9, 2024, the South Korean National Assembly passed a bill banning the breeding and slaughter of dogs for consumption, which will be starting in 2027 after a three-year grace period.[110]

Philippines

The killing of dogs as livestock has been banned in the Philippines since 1998 via Republic Act No. 8485, known as the Animal Welfare Act of 1998, with exemptions for dogs killed and eaten as part of indigenous rituals.[276] This was strengthened further by Republic Act No. 10631 in 2013, which amended the 1998 law by criminalizing the abuse, maltreatment, cruelty, exploitation, abandonment, and killing of pet animals; while also mandating the creation of animal welfare enforcement officers in law enforcement agencies like the Philippine National Police and the National Bureau of Investigation.[277] Republic Act No. 9842, known as the Anti-Rabies Act of 2007, also includes specific provisions for the punishment of anyone found guilty of trading in dog meat, with a punishment of 1 to 4 years in prison and fines.[106] Local laws banning the dog meat trade have also existed prior to the 1998 national ban.[278][279] The illegal consumption of dog meat still continues in some regions in the Philippines, notably in the Cordillera highlands in northern Luzon where it is traditional.[280] Nevertheless, the introduction and strengthening of laws against dog meat trade, changing public attitudes, and strict enforcement has significantly decreased the number of the dogs slaughtered for meat. As of 2020, less than 1% of the population of the Philippines have eaten dog meat.[34]

Dog meat consumption was formerly widespread, particularly in the northern Philippines where dog meat stew, in general, acquired the euphemistic name "azucena"(or "asocena") in the 1980s. It originates from a play-on-words on the Spanish term azucena, "lily", and its resemblance to a portmanteau "asocena", from aso ("dog") + cena, ("dinner"/"meal"). They were commonly eaten as pulutan (appetizers eaten with alcohol) by men, mainly due to the superstition that dog meat "warms the body" and functions as an aphrodisiac. At the height of the dog meat trade prior to the 1990s, an estimated 500,000 dogs were killed every year.[33][281][282]

In 1981, the diplomatic relations between the Philippines and the United Kingdom were strained when the Sunday Mirror newspaper of London published front page photos of dogs tied up for slaughter in the Philippines. This invoked Margaret Thatcher and the British parliament to express their disapproval, which was informally conveyed to the Philippine Foreign Ministry via the British Embassy. Though initially considered an internal affair, their communications became public, eliciting a response from Assemblyman Eddie Ilarde of the National Capital Region, taking affront at suggestion that all Filipinos are cruel to dogs and eat dog meat. He clarified that while the dog meat trade does still happen, it is uncommon and prohibited by local laws in most parts of the country, including Manila.[283][279] The issue sparked national interest on the dog meat trade and the inadequacy of the then existing laws against animal cruelty passed during the American colonial period of the Philippines. Then president Ferdinand Marcos ordered a study on the necessity of issuing a presidential decree prohibiting the sale and slaughter of household pets for commercial culinary purposes in 1982.[284] In the capital city of Manila, Metro Manila Commission Ordinance 82-05 specifically prohibits the killing and selling of dogs for food.[278]

In 1998, the Animal Welfare Act was passed, which prohibits the killing of any animal other than cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, poultry, rabbits, carabaos, horses, deer, and crocodiles – with exemptions for religious, cultural, research, public safety, and/or animal health reasons. It also specifically bans dog fighting and horse fighting.[280][285]

The consumption of dog meat still continues in some areas illegally, especially in the Cordillera highlands of Luzon where indigenous tribes have legal exemptions for the consumption of dog meat during customary rituals. This loophole has been taken advantage of by some restaurants which still sell dog meat outside of the customary ritual exemption.[280]

According to the Animal Welfare Institute, the illegal dog meat trade largely captures stray dogs from elsewhere in the country, with many of them having been people's pets. They are rounded up off the street for the dog meat trade and shipped to the Benguet province without food or water while steel cans are forced onto their noses and their legs are tied behind their backs. Nearly half the dogs reportedly die before reaching their final destination. They are usually then killed via clubbing or having their throats cut, after which their fur is scorched off with a blow-torch and their bodies are dismembered.[286] According to a 2007 book co-authored by Temple Grandin, dogs and other animals in some rural Philippine areas could risk getting beaten before slaughter, out of the belief it would create better meat.[287] The province of Benguet specifically allows cultural use of dog meat by indigenous people and acknowledges this might lead to limited commercial use.[288] In Baguio and surrounding municipalities, it is regarded as an "open secret" tolerated by local law enforcement.[280] Philippine news outlets ABS-CBN and SunStar stated in 2012 and 2017 that Korean nationals in Baguio had been playing a role in the city's dog meat trade.[31][289][290]

In 2012, the Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) of the Philippine National Police estimated that there were still around 290,000 dogs illegally butchered for food annually.[291] In 2013, 250 raids were carried out on restaurants suspected of serving dog meat in the Cordilleras by the Philippine National Police and the Animal Welfare Division of the Bureau of Animal Industry, in conjunction with the NGO Animal Kingdom Foundation. Dog meat trade has decreased substantially since then.[34]

Singapore

The sale of dog meat is banned in Singapore.[292][better source needed]

Taiwan

In 2001, the Taiwanese government imposed a ban on the sale of dog meat, due to both pressure from domestic animal welfare groups and a desire to improve international perceptions, and there were some protests.[293] In 2007, another law was passed, significantly increasing the fines to sellers of the meat.[294] According to The Daily Meal in 2014, dog meat remained popular in Taiwan despite the laws, especially at smaller towns and villages.[295] Animal rights activists have accused the Taiwanese government of not prosecuting those who continue to slaughter and serve dog meat at restaurants.

In April 2017, Taiwan became the first country in East Asia to officially ban the consumption of dog and cat meat as well as jail time for those who torture and kill animals. The Animal Protection Act amendments approved by the Legislative Yuan aims to punish the sale, purchase or consumption of dog or cat meat with fines ranging from NT$50,000 to NT$2 million. The amendments also stiffen punishment for those who intentionally harm animals to a maximum two years' imprisonment and fines of NT$200,000 to NT$2 million.[296]

In October 2017, Taiwan's national legislature, known as Legislative Yuan, passed amendments to the country's Animal Protection Act which "bans the sale and consumption of dog and cat meat and of any food products that contain the meat or other parts of these animals."[297]

Timor-Leste

Indonesian in Balibo barbecuing a dog

Dog meat is a delicacy popular in Timor-Leste.[298]

Thailand

There used to be a small regional culture of eating dog meat, as well as a trade of dogs for consumption and transporting them to nearby Vietnam where dog meat consumption was more common.[299] In 2014, Thailand passed the Prevention of Animal Cruelty and Provision of Animal Welfare Act which, among other provisions, made it illegal to trade in or consume dog meat.[300] As of 2016, the trade to Vietnam has continued, with CNN reporting that broken bones and crushed skulls have been a common injury for the smuggled dogs.[301]

Uzbekistan

Dog meat has sometimes been used in Uzbekistan in the belief that it has medicinal properties.[302][303][304][305]

Vietnam

Dog meat in Hanoi, Vietnam
A dog meat platter found in a street market a few kilometres east of Hanoi, Vietnam
Dog meat in Hanoi, Vietnam

Around five million dogs are slaughtered in Vietnam every year, making the country the second-biggest consumer of dog meat in the world after China.[306] The consumption has been criticized by many in Vietnam and around the world as most of the dogs are pets stolen and killed in brutal ways, usually by being bludgeoned, stabbed, burned alive, or having their throat slit.[307] Vietnam does not have strong regulations to stop the practice. Dog meat is particularly popular in the urban areas of the north, and can be found in special restaurants which specifically serve dog meat.[196][308]

A 2013 survey on VietNamNet, with a participation of more than 3,000 readers, showed that the majority of people, at 80%, supported eating dog meat. Up to 66 percent of the readers said that dog meat is nutritious and has been a traditional food for a very long time. Some 13% said eating dog meat is okay but dog slaughtering must be strictly controlled to avoid embarrassing images.[309]

Dog meat is believed to bring good fortune in Vietnamese culture.[310] It is seen as being comparable in consumption to chicken or pork.[311] In urban areas, there are neighbourhoods that contain many dog meat restaurants. For example, on Nhat Tan Street, Tây Hồ District, Hanoi, many restaurants serve dog meat. Groups of customers, usually male, seated on mats, will spend their evenings sharing plates of dog meat and drinking alcohol. The consumption of dog meat can be part of a ritual usually occurring toward the end of the lunar month for reasons of astrology and luck. Restaurants which mainly exist to serve dog meat may only open for the last half of the lunar month.[311] Dog meat is also believed to raise men's libido.[311][312] There used to be a large smuggling trade from Thailand to export dogs to Vietnam for human consumption.[313] A concerted campaign between 2007 and 2014 by animal activists in Thailand, led by the Soi Dog Foundation, convinced authorities in both Thailand and Vietnam that the dog meat trade was a hindrance to efforts to tackle rabies in Southeast Asia. In 2014, Thailand introduced a new law against animal cruelty, which greatly increased penalties faced by dog smugglers. The trade had significantly diminished.[314]

In 2009, dog meat was found to be a main carrier of the Vibrio cholerae bacterium, which caused the summer epidemic of cholera in northern Vietnam.[315][316]

Prior to 2014, more than 5 million dogs were killed for meat every year in Vietnam according to the Asia Canine Protection Alliance. There are indications that the desire to eat dog meat in Vietnam is waning.[229] Part of the decline is thought to be due to an increased number of Vietnamese people keeping dogs as pets, as their incomes have risen in the past few decades.

[People] used to raise dogs to guard the house, and when they needed the meat, they ate it. Now they keep dog as pets, imported from China, Japan, and other countries. One pet dog might cost hundreds of millions of dong [100 million dong is $4,677].[229]

In 2018, officials in the city of Hanoi urged citizens to stop eating dog and cat meat, citing concerns about the cruel methods with which the animals are slaughtered and the diseases this practice propagates, including rabies and leptospirosis. The primary reason for this exhortation seems to be a fear that the practice of dog and cat consumption, most of which are stolen household pets, could tarnish the city's image as a "civilised and modern capital".[317]

Europe

Austria

Section 6, Paragraph 2 of the law for the protection of animals prohibits the killing of dogs and cats for purposes of consumption as food or for other products.[318]

Switzerland

In 2012, the Swiss newspaper Tages-Anzeiger reported that dogs, as well as cats, are eaten regularly by a few farmers in rural areas.[319][320][321] Commercial slaughter and sale of dog meat is banned, but farmers are allowed to slaughter dogs for personal consumption.

In his 1979 book Unmentionable Cuisine, Calvin Schwabe described a Swiss dog meat recipe, gedörrtes Hundefleisch, served as paper-thin slices, as well as smoked dog ham, Hundeschinken, which is prepared by salting and drying raw dog meat.[322]

It is illegal in Switzerland to commercially produce food made from dog meat.[323]

United Kingdom

Although the commercial trade of dog meat is illegal, it is still currently legal in the United Kingdom to consume dog meat.[324]

France

In France, butcher shops selling dog meat were open all around the country until c. 1910.[citation needed]

In his poem "Alcools", Guillaume Apollinaire mentions a butcher who sells dog meat.[325]

Oceania

Australia

Each Australian state or territory has its own regulation, but all have laws either making it illegal to eat dog meat or to kill a dog for consumption. It is also prohibited to sell dog meat based on meat processing standards and codes.[326]

Tonga

The consumption of domestic dog meat is commonplace in Tonga, and has also been noted in expatriate Tongan communities in New Zealand, Australia, and the United States.[327][328]

Other dog products

Central Asia

According to Eurasianet, dog fat is seen as a well-established would-be treatment for tuberculosis in parts of Central Asia.[329] The fat has reportedly been used as a folk remedy for COVID-19 in Uzbekistan[330] and Kyrgyzstan.[329]

Poland

Eating dog meat is taboo in Polish culture. However, since the 16th century, fat from various animals, including dogs, was used as part of folk medicine, and since the 18th century dog fat has had a reputation as being beneficial for the lungs. While making lard, or smalec, out of dogs' fat is currently discouraged in the country,[331] this practice continues in some rural areas, especially Lesser Poland.[332][333]

In 2009, Polish prosecutors reportedly found that a farm near Częstochowa was overfeeding dogs to be rendered down into lard.[334][331] According to Grażyna Zawada, from Gazeta Wyborcza, there were farms in Częstochowa, Kłobuck, and in the Radom area, and in the decade from 2000 to 2010 six people producing dog lard were found guilty of breaching animal welfare laws and sentenced to jail.[335][failed verification] However, the Krakow Post reported that a man who had admitted to stealing and killing dogs for lard in 2009 at Wieliczka was found not guilty of any crimes by the court, who ruled that the dogs had been slaughtered humanely for culinary purposes.[336] As of 2014, there have been new cases prosecuted.[337][failed verification]

South Korea

Gaesoju (개소주; 개燒酒) also known as dog wine, is a mixed drink containing dog meat and other Chinese medicine ingredients such as ginger, chestnut, and jujube to act primarily as a powerful sex drive booster for men, though it is also used to get rid of colds.

It is produced by putting a slaughtered dog into a chicken plucker to remove the fur before being placed into a pressure cooker for 6–19 hours with herbs until it is a dark liquid and bottled as a drink. Women in South Korea produce homemade gaesoju for their husbands as a bedroom gift, or they purchase commercial gaesoju from special markets.

In terms of popularity, there is a South Korean song which mentions a wife turning a dog into gaesoju for her husband[338] and popularity of Gaesoju as a sex tonic is rising compared to dog meat sales.[339]

Dog breeds used for meat

The Nureongi in Korea is most often used as a livestock dog, raised for its meat, and not commonly kept as pets.[340][341]

The Tosa, or Japanese Fighting Dog is replacing older breeds or mutts in South Korea. The Tosa is not commonly a pet and is banned in multiple countries; it is also very lean with a little bit of fat, making it perfect for meat production. Currently only Government-Approved dog farms in Korea raise Tosa for meat.[342]

The Dabengou translated as "Big Dumb Dog" is the most used dog in dog meat farms in China. They are mutts produced by breeding St. Bernard dogs from Russia or Kazakhstan with local Chinese dogs. This produces a "beef" like texture of fat and lean, allowing the dog meat to be made into more tender dishes like burgers, sausages or steaks. They also produce larger amounts of pups, weigh over 90 Kg, grow up faster and are immune to most dog diseases. A single St. Bernard from a premium Chinese breeding farm can range from $3000–4000 since it is desired so much to produce larger mutts.[343][unreliable source?]

Tang Dogs are prized as a companion and watch dog but are also occasionally used for hunting and as meat dogs.[344][345]

The Chow Chow was also known as "Chinese Edible-Dog" because after the Han dynasty collapsed, they were fattened and bred with Chinese breeds for meat. Today, Chinese dog farms still raise Chow Chow for the purpose of eating; black coated ones are valued due to their taste when fried, while the rest are typically turned into stews.[346]

The Xoloitzcuintli, or Mexican hairless dog, is one of several breeds of hairless dog and has been used as a historical source of food for the Aztec Empire.[15]

The extinct Hawaiian Poi Dog and Polynesian Dog were breeds of pariah dog used by Native Hawaiians as a spiritual protector of children and as a source of food.[37][38]

The extinct Tahitian Dog was a food source, and served by high ranking chiefs to the early European explorers who visited the islands. Captain James Cook and his crew developed a taste for the dog, with Cook noting, "For tame Animals they have Hogs, Fowls, and Dogs, the latter of which we learned to Eat from them, and few were there of us but what allow'd that a South Sea dog was next to an English Lamb."[347][348][349]

See also

References

  1. ^ Ann Yong-Geun "Dog Meat Foods in Korea" Archived 7 October 2007 at Wikiwix, Bosintang (in 100 g, raw meat), Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition 12(4) 397 – 408 (1999).
  2. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 27 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  3. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  4. ^ a b Schwabe, Calvin W. (1979). Unmentionable cuisine. University of Virginia Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-8139-1162-5.
  5. ^ Rupert Wingfield-Hayes (29 June 2002). "China's taste for the exotic". BBC News. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  6. ^ "Vietnam's dog meat tradition". BBC News. 31 December 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  7. ^ "Dog-meat Business Survives Despite Opposition". Cambodianess. 25 August 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  8. ^ "Dog Meat Trade a Serious Business in Vientiane". The Laotian Times. 9 September 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  9. ^ a b Murray, Senan (6 March 2007). "Dog's dinners prove popular in Nigeria". BBC News. Retrieved 6 March 2006.
  10. ^ "Not Just for Christmas: Swiss Urged to Stop Eating Cats and Dogs". Newsweek. 26 November 2014. Hundreds of thousands of people in Switzerland eat cat and dog meat, particularly at Christmas, according to a Swiss animal rights group seeking to ban the practice.
  11. ^ a b c PTI (5 June 2023). "HC orders quashing of ban on dog meat in Nagaland". Nagaland Tribune. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Dachshunds Are Tenderer". Time. 25 November 1940. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 20 January 2008.
  13. ^ a b Mawson, Douglas (1914). The Home of the Blizzard.
  14. ^ Czajkowski, Claire (2014). "Dog meat trade in South Korea: A report on the current state of the trade and efforts to eliminate it". Animal Law Review. 21: 29–64. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 18 September 2024.
  15. ^ a b About the Xoloitzcuintle(archived from the original on 19 July 2012), (archived from the original Archived 14 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine on 14 July 2012).
  16. ^ Cortés, Hernan; trans. Anthony Pagden (1986). Letters from Mexico. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03799-9.
  17. ^ "Hairless Dogs Revived". Life. 28 January 1957. p. 93. Retrieved 7 August 2010.
  18. ^ Flaim, Denise (23 July 2020). "Xoloitzcuintli History: From Death to Resurrection". American Kennel Club.
  19. ^ "The great Chiefs". Native Radio. 23 February 1911. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  20. ^ Guts and Grease: The Diet of Native Americans (archived from the original on 25 September 2006)
  21. ^ The Mexican Kickapoo Indians Felipe A. Latorre and Dolores L. Latorre (1976).
  22. ^ WPA Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma Archived 29 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Ed Cooley (29 July 1937)
  23. ^ WPA Indian Pioneer History Project for Oklahoma Archived 30 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine Albert Couch (12 October 1937)
  24. ^ Taube, David (12 September 2018), US House members agree to ban slaughter of dogs and cats for human consumption, WDSU, retrieved 11 December 2020
  25. ^ Poultney, J. W. (1959). Bronze Tables of Iguvium. p. 177.
  26. ^ Wright, Nick (2020). "Taiwan Indigenous people and Animals". Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  27. ^ Cook, Chris; Stevenson, Johm (2005). The Routledge Companion to World History Since 1914. New York: Routledge. p. 376. ISBN 0415345847.
  28. ^ Ochoa, Janine Therese (2005). "In dogged pursuit: A reassessment of the dog's domestication and social incorporation". Hukay. 8: 37–66.
  29. ^ a b Agoot, Liza (1 November 2018). "Daw-es: Igorots' cleansing ritual for dead, living". Philippine News Agency. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  30. ^ Alfonso, Ian Christopher B. (2023). Dogs in Philippine History. Philippine Historical Association, Project Saysay Inc., and Alaya Publishing. ISBN 9789719224549.
  31. ^ a b Ngalob, Rocky (11 March 2018). "In conflict with law; the Asocena Doctrine". Herald Express. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  32. ^ Alimondo, Lauren (22 October 2019). "Elders hold cleansing ritual in Poyopoy". SunStar. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  33. ^ a b Regan, Matthew R. G. (2016). "Dog Meat". Encyclopedia of Food and Agricultural Ethics. pp. 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6167-4_510-1. ISBN 978-94-007-6167-4.
  34. ^ a b c The Dog and Cat Meat Trade in Southeast Asia: A Threat to Animals and People (PDF). Four Paws. February 2020. p. 38.
  35. ^ Blust, Robert; Trussel, Stephen. "*asu₁". Austronesian Comparative Dictionary. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
  36. ^ Greig, K.; Gosling, A.; Collins, C. J.; Boocock, J.; McDonald, K.; Addison, D. J.; Allen, M. S.; David, B.; Gibbs, M.; Higham, C. F. W.; Liu, F.; McNiven, I. J.; O'Connor, S.; Tsang, C. H.; Walter, R.; Matisoo-Smith, E. (14 June 2018). "Complex history of dog (Canis familiaris) origins and translocations in the Pacific revealed by ancient mitogenomes". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 9130. Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.9130G. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-27363-8. hdl:1885/265530. PMC 6002536. PMID 29904060.
  37. ^ a b Titcomb, M (1969). Dog and Man in the Ancient Pacific. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum Special Publication 59. ISBN 978-0-910240-10-9.
  38. ^ a b Ellis, W (1839). Polynesian Researches. Vol. 4. London: Fisher, Jackson. ISBN 978-1-4325-4966-4.
  39. ^ Mumford, David (1971). The Explorations of Captain James Cook in the Pacific. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-22766-5.
  40. ^ Frederic Wood-Jones (February 1931). "The Cranial Characters of the Hawaiian Dog". Journal of Mammalogy. 12 (1): 39–41. doi:10.2307/1373802. JSTOR 1373802.
  41. ^ "Bill Before Congress: Claim—Hawaii Allows 'horrific legal market' in Dog Meat". Hawaii Free Press. 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  42. ^ "Bill would make eating your pet illegal in Hawaii". Hawaii News Now. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  43. ^ "Which Animals Are Kosher?". Chabad.
  44. ^ Regenstein, J., Chaudry, M. and Regenstein, C. (2003), "The Kosher and Halal Food Laws". Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 2: 111–127. doi:10.1111/j.1541-4337.2003.tb00018.x
  45. ^ Sandburg, Carl (1970) p. 309, 312
  46. ^ Barr (1836) p. 17
  47. ^ Romi (1993). Histoire des festins insolites et de la goinfrerie.
  48. ^ Boitani, Luige; Monique Bourdin (1997). L'ABCdaire du chien.
  49. ^ "Germany's dog meat market; Consumption of Canines and Horses Is on the Increase." (PDF), The New York Times, 23 June 1907, retrieved 20 January 2008, Bureau Of Manufactures, United States; Bureau Of Foreign Commerce (1854–1903), United States; Bureau Of Statistics, United States. Dept. of Commerce and Labor (1900), Monthly consular and trade reports, Volume 64, Issues 240–243., United States. Bureau of Manufactures, Bureau of Foreign Commerce, Dept. of Commerce, retrieved 29 September 2009{{citation}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  50. ^ "Use Horse and Dog Meat – Germans forced to that diet by high price of other meat" (PDF). The New York Times. 1900.
  51. ^ "American Food in Germany" (PDF). The New York Times. 1898. the German breeders ... heightened the price to such an extent that horse, and even dog's meat, has become staple with the poorer classes in certain districts, and notably in the large cities
  52. ^ "Miners eat horses and dogs" (PDF). The New York Times. 1904.
  53. ^ "Meat Shops Closed As Belgians Go Hungry" (PDF). The New York Times. 23 July 1916. We found the meat shops all closed, ... with three exceptions, namely; shops that have recently and openly sold dog meat. ... The average price were 12 francs a kilo, bones and all, (about $1.30 a pound) and some meat that had been obtained by special exertions for the soup kitchens.
  54. ^ "Fear of Famine Appals Austria; Charges of Cannibalism by Vienna Workmen Are Officially Hushed Up. People Jeer at the War. German Promises of Victory Flouted—Soldiers Beg for Bread and Long for Peace. Quarantine Against Bolshevism. Real Famine in the Country. Saxons Eat Camels and Dogs" Archived 8 August 2021 at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, 22 May 1918
  55. ^ "DOGS AS MEAT IN MUNICH; Butcher's Shop Hangs Sign Offering Either to Buy or Sell". The New York Times. 1923.
  56. ^ "Germans Still Eat Dogs; Berlin Police Chief Issues Rules for Inspection of the Meat". The New York Times. 1925.
  57. ^ "Fleischbeschaugesetz (Meat Inspection Law), § 1a". Reich Law Gazette. 1937. p. 458. then becoming § 1 para. 3, RGBl. 1940 I p. 1463 Archived 13 March 2021 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
  58. ^ "Netherlanders Seek Sunday Meat in Vain; Food Situation Becomes Acute as Nazis Seize Dog Sausage". The New York Times. 8 December 1940. Retrieved 15 February 2014.
  59. ^ "Benedict Allen: my greatest mistake". The Guardian. 7 October 2011.
  60. ^ "Marco Lavoie, Stranded Hiker, 'Eats His Dog To Survive'". The Huffington Post. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  61. ^ "Back Through the Gorge, 1806". Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  62. ^ "Ecola". Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  63. ^ "Change of Heart". Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 29 September 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  64. ^ "Lewis and Clark Through Nez Perce Eyes". lewis-clark.org. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
  65. ^ "Lemhi Pass to Fort Clatsop". Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  66. ^ "September 17, "Sinque Hole Camp"". Lewis and Clark Trail Heritage Foundation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  67. ^ "Sex, Dog Meat, and the Lash: Odd Facts About Lewis and Clark". National Geographic Society. 28 October 2010. Archived from the original on 17 December 2003. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  68. ^ "What Lewis and Clark Ate – The History Kitchen – PBS Food". Pbs.org. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  69. ^ Clarkson, Janet (24 December 2013). Food History Almanac: Over 1,300 Years of World Culinary History, Culture, and Social Influence. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 347–. ISBN 978-1-4422-2715-6.
  70. ^ Bown, Stephen R. (2012). The Last Viking: The Life of Roald Amundsen. Da Capo Press. pp. 165–166.
  71. ^ Amundsen, Roald. "The South Pole". Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
  72. ^ "¿Por qué no se puede comer carne de perro?". www.minutouno.com. 8 April 2008. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  73. ^ "Código Alimentario Argentino. Capítulo VI". Argentina.gob.ar (in Spanish). 7 May 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2022. Con la denominación genérica de carne, se entiende la parte comestible de los músculos de vacunos, bubalinos, porcinos, ovinos, caprinos, llamas, conejos domésticos, nutrias de criadero, pollos, pollas, gallos, gallinas, pavitos, pavitas, pavos, pavas, patos domésticos, gansos domésticos y codornices, declarados aptos para la alimentación humana por la inspección veterinaria oficial antes y después de la faena.
  74. ^ a b "Is eating cats or dogs legal? – RSPCA Knowledgebase". RSPCA Australia. Archived from the original on 2 November 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  75. ^ Summary Offences Act 1953, Office of Parliamentary Counsel, retrieved 14 October 2021, A person who knowingly— (a) kills or otherwise processes a dog or cat for the purpose of human consumption; or (b) supplies to another person a dog or cat (whether alive or not), or meat from a dog or cat, for the purpose of human consumption; or (c) consumes meat from a dog or cat, is guilty of an offence. Maximum penalty: $1 250.
  76. ^ BGBl. Nr. 118/2004 Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine: „Es ist verboten, Hunde oder Katzen zur Gewinnung von Nahrung oder anderen Produkten zu töten"; See also: 446 BlgNr XXII. GP Archived 13 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  77. ^ "Cachorro, gato, cutia? Saiba que animais podem ser comidos no Brasil". noticias.uol.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  78. ^ "Cardápio do dia: Carne de cachorro".
  79. ^ "Lei dos Crimes Ambientais". www2.camara.leg.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  80. ^ King, Robin Levinson (24 June 2015). "Dog meat not explicitly illegal in Canada". The Toronto Star. ISSN 0319-0781. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  81. ^ "It's totally legal to eat cats and dogs in Canada". nationalpost. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  82. ^ a b Lazcano, Carlos Montes y Patricio (11 April 2022). "En Chile se consume más carne de perro de los que se cree: ¿es legal su venta?". La Tercera. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  83. ^ "Imprensa Oficial – Lei n.º 4/2016". bo.io.gov.mo. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  84. ^ "Investigan a restaurante que estaría vendiendo carne de perro". RCN Radio (in Spanish). 14 January 2020. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  85. ^ a b c "China signals end to dog meat consumption by humans". The Guardian. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 9 April 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  86. ^ "深圳立法禁食狗肉: "现代人类文明的要求和体现"-观察者网". m.guancha.cn. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  87. ^ "深圳经济特区全面禁止食用野生动物条例". amr.sz.gov.cn. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  88. ^ sina_mobile (16 April 2020). "深圳珠海相继禁食猫狗肉 律师: 动物保护上了一个新台阶". finance.sina.cn. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  89. ^ a b "Ai-je le droit de manger mon chat ? (Et mon chien ?)". Franceinfo (in French). 30 November 2014. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  90. ^ In force since May 2010: § Abs. 1a der Tierische Lebensmittel-Hygieneverordnung (Tier-LMHV): „Es ist verboten, Fleisch von Hunden, Katzen, anderen hundeartigen und katzenartigen Tieren (Caniden und Feliden) sowie von Affen zum Zwecke des menschlichen Verzehrs zu gewinnen oder in den Verkehr zu bringen", eingefügt durch die Erste Verordnung zur Änderung von Vorschriften zur Durchführung des gemeinschaftlichen Lebensmittelhygienerechts vom 11. Mai 2010 (BGBl 2010n I S. 612); Previously, see § 1 Abs. 1 Satz 4 des Fleischhygienegesetzes in der Fassung von 2004 (BGBl 2004n I S. 934). This law can be traced back to the Gesetz zur Änderung des Fleischbeschaugesetzes vom 13. April 1986 (BGBl 1986n I S. 398): „Fleisch von Affen, Hunden und Katzen darf zum Genuss für Menschen nicht gewonnen werden"; see more at: BT-Drs. 10/4410 Archived 12 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine (PDF; 517 kB).
  91. ^ "Darf man in Deutschland Hundefleisch essen?". wamiz.de (in German). 23 February 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  92. ^ Lebensmitteleinfuhr-Verordnung (LMEV). Previously, see § 15 of Fleischhygienegesetz in der Fassung von 1991 (BGBl 1991n I S. 118). Also, Verordnung, betreffend die Einfuhr von Fleisch von Bären, Katzen, Füchsen, Dächsen und anderen fleischfressenden Tieren, die Träger von Trichinen sein können Archived 22 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine, of 10 August 1933 (RGBl. I S. 579), later § 12 of Fleischbeschaugesetz (FlBG) (see RGBl. 1940 I S. 1465 Archived 22 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine.)
  93. ^ a b c Sucheta (8 June 2023). ""Dog meat consumption is an ancient Naga custom": Gauhati High Court sets aside ban on sale of dog meat". SCC Blog. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  94. ^ "Dogs and Cats Ordinance (Cap. 167)". Archived from the original on 30 September 2018.
  95. ^ "Import of Animal Carcasses and Animal Products". www.afcd.gov.hk. Retrieved 9 May 2022.
  96. ^ "В Казахстане запретят употреблять в пищу мясо домашних питомцев | Kazakhstan Today". www.kt.kz (in Russian). Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  97. ^ "Употреблять в пищу кошек и собак запретят в Казахстане". tengrinews.kz (in Russian). 8 October 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  98. ^ "Употреблять в пищу кошек и собак запретят в Казахстане". www.nur.kz (in Russian). 8 October 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  99. ^ "Residents of Kazakhstan will be punished for eating dogs and cats – News". newsreadonline.com. 8 October 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2022.
  100. ^ "Au Mali, le trafic de viande de chien, un business qui prospère chez les plus démunis". Le Monde.fr (in French). 26 February 2021. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  101. ^ "Carne de perro no es para consumo humano en México". El Imparcial (in Spanish). 8 April 2015. Archived from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  102. ^ a b "The winners and losers of S. Pyongan Province's dog meat cooking competition". 4 August 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  103. ^ a b "N. Korea is buying up dogs to supply restaurants in Pyongyang". 14 July 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  104. ^ Republic Act No. 8485, known as the Animal Welfare Act, with exemptions for dogs killed and eaten as part of indigenous rituals.
  105. ^ "The Animal Welfare Act 1998". Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived from the original on 28 June 2021. The killing of any animal other than cattle, pigs, goats, sheep, poultry, rabbits, carabaos, horses, deer and crocodiles is likewise hereby declared unlawful except in the following instances: (1) When it is done as part of the religious rituals of an established religion or sect or a ritual required by tribal or ethnic custom of indigenous cultural communities; however, leaders shall keep records in cooperation with the Committee on Animal Welfare;
  106. ^ a b "REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9482 "Anti-Rabies Act of 2007"" (PDF). The Philippine Animal Welfare Society. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  107. ^ National Plan of Action to Eliminate the Trade of Dogs for Meat: Campaign and Enforcement of Laws in the Philippines (PDF). Department of Agriculture, Republic of the Philippines.
  108. ^ "Дай, друг, на завтрак лапу мне. Собакоеды и другие любители экзотической кухни". Life.ru (in Russian). 14 December 2016. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  109. ^ a b Jabo, Kerry. "It is Not Illegal to Sell or Buy Dog Meat – RIB". THE CHRONICLES. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  110. ^ a b c "South Korea passes bill to ban consumption of dog meat". Reuters. 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  111. ^ a b Art. 2 Archived 2 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Verordnung des EDI über Lebensmittel tierischer Herkunft vom 23. November 2005. AS 2005 6043 Archived 18 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine (PDF) = SR 817.022.108 Archived 7 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine; contains a list of animal species allowed for commercial food production. Previously, Art. 121 Lebensmittelverordnung (LMV) Archived 24 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine vom 1. März 1995. – See also the ruling of Schweizerisches Bundesgericht of 24 September 1913, BGE 39 I 407 Archived 29 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine (Kassationsbeschwerde gegen ein Urteil des Amtsgerichts Bucheggberg-Kriegstetten). This ruling confirmed Art. 24 of the Bundesrätliche Verordnung über das Schlachten, die Fleischschau und den Verkehr mit Fleisch und Fleischwaren of 29 January 1909: „Der Verkehr mit Hunde- und Katzenfleisch und mit daraus hergestellten Waren ist verboten".
  112. ^ Art. 2 Archived 13 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine Abs. 4 lit. a Lebensmittelgesetz: "Das Gesetz gilt nicht: für Lebensmittel und Gebrauchsgegenstände, die für den Eigengebrauch bestimmt sind."
  113. ^ "In Taiwan verboten, in der Schweiz erlaubt: Wir dürfen als einzige Europäer Hund und Katze verspeisen". Blick (in Swiss High German). 12 April 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  114. ^ "Eating Dogs Banned in Taiwan—A First in Asia". Culture. 12 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  115. ^ a b Serenitie Wang (12 April 2017). "Taiwan bans eating dog and cat meat". CNN. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  116. ^ Ares, Elena; Sutherland, Nikki (14 October 2021), Consumption of dog meat in the UK
  117. ^ "Dog Meat (Consumption) (Offences) Bill – Parliamentary Bills – UK Parliament". bills.parliament.uk. Retrieved 14 October 2021.
  118. ^ Dog and Cat Meat Trade Prohibition Act of 2018 (H.R. 6720 Archived 28 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine)
  119. ^ Anapol, Avery (12 September 2018). "House passes bill outlawing the eating of cats and dogs". The Hill. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  120. ^ "Analysis | Congress doesn't want you to eat your dog or cat". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  121. ^ Eric Thys & Olivier Nyssens Préparation et commercialisation de la viande canine chez les Vamé Mbrémé population animiste des monts Mandara. in "Tropical Animal Production for the Benefit of Man. Antwerp, 1982, pp. 511–517.
  122. ^ "Dog meat back on menu in Democratic Republic of Congo". 14 July 2011. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2014.
  123. ^ a b Simoons, Frederick J. (1994). Eat not this flesh: food avoidances from prehistory to the present (2 ed.). University of Wisconsin Press. p. 229. ISBN 978-0-299-14254-4.
  124. ^ "I still stand by my dog meat factory in Ghana -Hon Karbo". TV3 Ghana. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  125. ^ "Dog Meat Factory Proposed in Ghana". In Defense of Animals. 19 April 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  126. ^ "Evaluation of dog slaughter and consumption practices related to the control of rabies in Nigeria". June 2013.
  127. ^ Volk, Willy (7 March 2007). ""Man bites dog": Dining on dog meat in Nigeria". Gadling.
  128. ^ Shobayo, Isaac. "Ebola: Jos residents shun bush meat, stick to dog meat". Nigerian Tribune. Archived from the original on 22 December 2014.
  129. ^ Hopper, Tristin (1 October 2021). "It's totally legal to eat cats and dogs in Canada". National Post.
  130. ^ "Dog meat legal, health inspector says". cbc.ca. 7 November 2003.
  131. ^ "Ready-to-cook canines at Edmonton restaurant". cbc.ca. 5 November 2003. Archived from the original on 10 June 2004.
  132. ^ Levinson, Robin. "Dog meat not explicitly illegal in Canada". OurWindsor. Retrieved 25 October 2024.
  133. ^ Press, The Associated (21 December 2018). "President Trump signs the Farm Bill making dog and cat meat illegal in the United States". wrdw.com. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  134. ^ "Buchanan, Moskowitz Introduce Global Dog and Cat Meat Trade Resolution". Congressman Vern Buchanan. 20 July 2023. Retrieved 11 September 2024.
  135. ^ "'It's a sin': Cambodia's brutal and shadowy dog meat trade". Bangkok Post. 11 November 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  136. ^ "The Dog and Cat Meat Trade in Southeast Asia: A Threat to Animals and People Harvard Kennedy School" (PDF). Four Paws. February 2020. p. 21.
  137. ^ "Cambodian tourist province bans 'alarming' dog meat trade". Bangkok Post. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  138. ^ "Cambodian butcher quits dog meat trade, shuts slaughterhouse". The Washington Post. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  139. ^ "Dog meat: First Cambodian province bans sale and consumption". BBC News. 8 July 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  140. ^ "Popular Cambodian travel destination bans dog meat trade". DW News. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  141. ^ "Cambodia cools on dog meat as COVID puts Asia on disease alert". The Nikkei. 27 October 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  142. ^ 消費は韓国人? 世界遺産を擁するシェムリアップが犬肉を禁じたワケ. KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). 24 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  143. ^ "Dogs and cats ordinance". Department of Justice (Hong Kong). 6 January 1950. Retrieved 19 November 2009.
  144. ^ "Slaughter of dog or cat for food prohibited". Department of Justice (Hong Kong). 30 June 1997. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
  145. ^ "Slaughter of dog or cat for food – Penalty". Department of Justice (Hong Kong). 30 June 1997. Retrieved 1 December 2006.
  146. ^ "First Case Imprisonment in HK for Dog Meal". 29 May 2006. Retrieved 23 December 2006.[permanent dead link]
  147. ^ Cheng, Jonathan (23 December 2006). "Dog-for-food butchers jailed (DUBIOUS first case)". The Standard – China's Business Newspaper. Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 10 January 2007.
  148. ^ "Dog meat, a delicacy in Mizoram". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 20 December 2004. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  149. ^ "Tribal Naga Dog meat delicacy". Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 29 January 2012.
  150. ^ "Manipur – a slice of Switzerland in India". The Times of India. Chennai, India. 19 July 2012. Archived from the original on 3 January 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
  151. ^ Singh, Vijay (30 October 2016). "Mumbai activist blows whistle on dog meat trade in Shillong". The Times of India. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  152. ^ "India's Nagaland state announces an end to its brutal dog meat trade, sparing 30,000 dogs a year". Humane Society International. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  153. ^ "Centre ought to end illegal trade and consumption of dog meat: Maneka Gandhi". The New Indian Express. 27 October 2016. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  154. ^ Gandhi, Maneka (30 June 2020). "People For Animals India". X (formerly Twitter). Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  155. ^ Agarwala, Tora (3 July 2020). "Nagaland Cabinet bans sale of dog meat". The Indian Express. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  156. ^ "Pet lovers in Nagaland campaign against animal cruelty". easternmirrornagaland.com. 8 June 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  157. ^ "Nagaland dog meat: Animal rights groups hail ban as 'major turning point'". BBC News. 4 July 2020. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  158. ^ "Nagaland bans sale, consumption of dog meat in state; import and trading of dogs deemed illegal as well". Firstpost. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  159. ^ "Nagaland Cabinet bans sale of dog meat". The Indian Express. 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  160. ^ "Why the Gauhati HC quashed Nagaland govt's notification banning dog meat's sale and trade". The Indian Express. 23 June 2023.
  161. ^ "Nagaland ban on dog-meat trade stayed by HC". The Times of India. 29 November 2020. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  162. ^ Madiha, T. (1 December 2020). "Nagaland HC: Revokes ban order on selling of Dog meat in the state". Law Times Journal. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  163. ^ "Gauhati high court quashes Nagaland government's ban on sale of dog meat". Hindustan Times. 6 June 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  164. ^ a b Bureau, The Hindu (6 June 2023). "Gauhati High Court quashes Nagaland government's ban on dog meat". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 7 September 2023. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  165. ^ a b "Gauhati High Court sets aside Nagaland government's order banning sale, import of dog meat". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  166. ^ "Gauhati High Court quashes ban on sale of dog meat in Nagaland". India Today. 7 June 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  167. ^ "Gauhati high court quashes Nagaland ban on dog meat, says it remains accepted norm in state". The Times of India. 7 June 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  168. ^ Front, Assam (7 June 2023). "Gauhati High Court Overturns Nagaland's Ban on Dog Meat, Cites Cultural Norms". Assam Front. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  169. ^ Purkayastha, Samir K. (20 December 2008). "Dog meat not a palatable issue". The Telegraph. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  170. ^ a b "Mizoram government faces flak for dog meat ban". The Times of India. 24 June 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  171. ^ Karmakar, Sumir (25 March 2020). "Mizoram stops dog slaughter after coronavirus pandemic". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  172. ^ Singh, Bikash (5 March 2020). "Dog isn't cattle: Mizoram assembly clears animal slaughter (amendment) bill, 2020". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  173. ^ Anand, Manoj (25 March 2020). "Mizoram removes dogs from category of animals allowed for slaughter". Deccan Chronicle.
  174. ^ "Mizoram passes Bill against dog meat trade". pennews. Archived from the original on 3 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  175. ^ Singh, Bikash (25 March 2020). "Mizoram has taken the first step towards ending its dog meat trade: Humane Society International". The Economic Times. ISSN 0013-0389. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  176. ^ "Ui talh leh ui sa zawrh tihrêm tumnaa dan tlawhchhanah ui talh khap a ni lo" [Dog slaughter not illegal under dog meat and trade regulations]. Vanglaini (in Mizo). 30 June 2023. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  177. ^ NEWS, NE NOW (24 June 2023). "Debate erupts as Mizoram considers prohibition of dog meat trade". NORTHEAST NOW. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
  178. ^ Desk, Sentinel Digital (11 September 2021). "Meghalaya Govt Bans Killing and Slaughtering Of Dogs For Meat In The State – Sentinelassam". www.sentinelassam.com. Retrieved 7 September 2023. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  179. ^ a b c Shepherd, Jack (20 April 2012), All About Indonesian Dog Meat, BuzzFeed
  180. ^ Cochrane, Joe (25 March 2017). "Indonesians' Taste for Dog Meat Is Growing, Even as Others Shun It". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  181. ^ "A taste for dog: Indonesia trade persists despite crackdown". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  182. ^ "Appetite for dog meat persists in Indon". 10 April 2017. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  183. ^ Walden, Max (8 November 2017). "Deadly as well as disgusting? Dog meat targeted by activists in Indonesia". Asian Correspondent. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  184. ^ Dalton, Jane (23 May 2018). "Dogs and cats blowtorched alive and bludgeoned to death at Indonesian street markets". The Independent. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  185. ^ Gutierrez, Natashya (30 September 2015). "Clubbed to death, blowtorched: Indonesia's dog-eating culture". Rappler. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  186. ^ "Mercato shock in Indonesia, dai cani ai pitoni arrosto in vendita". adnkronos. 31 March 2014. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  187. ^ "Minahasa" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2007. Retrieved 20 December 2006.
  188. ^ "Obama: When I Ate a Dog". 14 August 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  189. ^ "Obama Jokes About Eating Dog: "A Pitbull is Delicious"". May 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via www.youtube.com.
  190. ^ "President Obama's humor goes to the 'dogs' during annual dinner". CNN Politics. 30 April 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
  191. ^ James Thomas and Lesley Robinson (19 June 2017). "Evidence shows dogs in Bali are being brutally killed and the meat sold to unsuspecting tourists". ABC.
  192. ^ Rachel Hosie (19 June 2017). "Bali tourists are unknowingly eating dog meat, undercover investigation reveals". The Independent.
  193. ^ "Alliance launched to push for dog meat ban in Asia". ABS-CBN News. 11 April 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  194. ^ "Asia-based alliance to fight for dog meat ban". Asia Times. 16 April 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  195. ^ Hanley, Susan B. (1999). Everyday things in premodern Japan: the hidden legacy of material culture. University of California Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-520-21812-3.
  196. ^ a b Hong Tuyet (24 December 2016). "47 dogs seized as police bust dog meat ring in southern Vietnam". VnExpress. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  197. ^ Nibert, David (2017). Animal oppression and capitalism. Abc-Clio. p. 120. ISBN 9781440850745. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
  198. ^ "农业部关于印发《生猪屠宰检疫规程》等4个动物检疫规程的通知". Ministry of Agriculture. Retrieved 27 February 2017.
  199. ^ 畜禽屠宰卫生检疫规范 [Sanitary and Quarantine Specification for Livestock and Poultry Slaughtering] (Report). Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China. 3 September 2001. pp. 3–4 – via China Standard Press.
  200. ^ "农业农村部就《国家畜禽遗传资源目录》答问". State Council Information Office. Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  201. ^ Wade, Nicholas (7 September 2009). "In Taming Dogs, Humans May Have Sought a Meal". The New York Times. Retrieved 3 January 2012.
  202. ^ Liang Shih-chiu (2005). Ya she xiao pin xuan ji. Chinese University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-962-996-219-7. Translated by Ta-tsun Chen.
  203. ^ Simoons, Frederick J. (1991). Food in China: a cultural and historical inquiry. CRC Press. pp. 24, 38, 149, 305, 309–315, 317, 332. ISBN 978-0-8493-8804-0.
  204. ^ "Dog meat row hits HK chain". BBC News. 4 August 2002.
  205. ^ Wakabayashi, Bob Tadashi (2007). The Nanking atrocity, 1937–38: complicating the picture (illustrated ed.). Berghahn Books. p. 235. ISBN 978-1-84545-180-6.
  206. ^ "How many cats & dogs are eaten in Asia? AP 9.03". AnimalPeopleNews. Archived from the original on 25 January 2012.
  207. ^ "Inside the cat and dog meat market in China". CNN.
  208. ^ "Tech-savvy citizen rescues 69 dogs from becoming dinner". Archived from the original on 24 November 2012. Retrieved 26 April 2012.
  209. ^ O'Neil, L. (22 June 2015). "Dog meat festival in China takes place despite massive online protest". CBC News. Retrieved 25 June 2015.
  210. ^ a b "Southwest China hospital staff ordered to stay away from 'dog meat festival'". South Morning China Post. 13 June 2014. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  211. ^ "陝西榆林10天美食節 1萬5千隻狗慘遭下肚 | 大陸新聞 | NOWnews 今日新聞網". Nownews.com. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  212. ^ a b c Fullerton, J. (22 June 2015). "Yulin dog meat festival: Chinese city retains its appetite despite months of protests". The Independent. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  213. ^ a b "China Yulin dog meat festival under way despite outrage". BBC. 22 June 2015. Retrieved 24 June 2015.
  214. ^ a b c "The truth about the Yulin dog meat festival – and how to stop it". Animals Asia Foundation. 1 June 2018. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  215. ^ a b c "This Chinese dog-eating festival's days are numbered thanks to a massive social media campaign". Business Insider. 30 June 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  216. ^ a b Fullerton, J. (17 June 2015). "Yulin Dog Meat Festival: Netizens rally in defence of event that will see 10,000 cats and dogs slaughtered". The Independent. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  217. ^ Li, Peter J. (2021). Animal Welfare in China: Crisis, Culture and Politics. [S.l.]: Sydney University Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-1-74332-471-4. OCLC 1236367513.
  218. ^ "Celebrities join campaign to stop dog meat festival in China". AsiaOne. Singapore Press Holdings Ltd. Co. 18 June 2015. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015. Thousands of dogs are traded, killed, and then eaten in the home or on the street. Some of them are burnt or boiled alive.
  219. ^ "Activists protest dog-eating tradition". china.org.cn. 2014. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  220. ^ Huifeng, H. (2014). "Dog-eating festival loses its bite as animal rights activists step in". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  221. ^ "Millions of Chinese Want the Yulin Dog Meat Festival to Stop". Time. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  222. ^ "Dog meat festival begins in China". BBC News. 21 June 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  223. ^ Kaiman, Jonathan (23 June 2014). "Chinese dog-eating festival backlash grows". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  224. ^ "Poll: Majority of Chinese public wants Yulin dog meat festival shut down : Humane Society International". hsi-old.pub30.convio.net. Archived from the original on 13 June 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  225. ^ "Guangzhou bans eating snakes—ban helps cats". Archived from the original on 4 March 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.
  226. ^ China bans dog from Olympic menu Archived 31 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine, BBC News, 11 July 2008.
  227. ^ a b Li Xianzhi, 2010-01-27, Eating cats, dogs could be outlawed Archived 23 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Xinhua News Agency
  228. ^ "China to jail people for up to 15 days who eat dog". China Daily. Retrieved 26 January 2010.
  229. ^ a b c Rosen, E. (2014). "To eat dog, or not to eat dog". The Atlantic. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  230. ^ Kaiman, J. "Chinese dog-eating festival backlash grows". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  231. ^ Sun, C. (2015). "Dog meat restaurant in Guangzhou closes amid 'falling demand'". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 20 May 2015.
  232. ^ "Special Report: Almost 9 million Chinese back bill to end cat and dog meat eating". animalsasia.org. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  233. ^ "Chinese city bans the eating of cats and dogs". BBC News. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  234. ^ "China's Shenzhen bans the eating of cats and dogs after coronavirus". Reuters. 2 April 2020. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
  235. ^ a b "Breaking: A second city in mainland China just banned eating of dogs, cats and wildlife in hoped for "domino effect"". Humane Society International. 15 April 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  236. ^ "Breaking: Shenzhen becomes mainland China's first city to ban eating of dogs, cats and wildlife in consumption and trade crackdown". Humane Society International. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  237. ^ Pallotta, Nicole (20 May 2020). "China Reclassifies Dogs from "Livestock" to "Companion Animals"". Animal Legal Defense Fund. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  238. ^ Standaert, Michael (9 April 2020). "China signals end to dog meat consumption by humans". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  239. ^ "Not illegal in Malaysia to eat dog and cat meat". The Star. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  240. ^ "Hot weather boosts dog meat consumption in North Korea". CBS NEWS. 27 July 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  241. ^ A Study of the favorite Foods of the Balhae People Archived 10 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine Yang Ouk-da
  242. ^ "Dailynk.com". Dailynk.com. 11 February 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  243. ^ a b Hanlon, Tim (2 March 2023). "North Korea opens new luxury dog meat restaurant in 'healthy eating drive'". mirror.co.uk.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  244. ^ "Humane Society International". Humane Society International. 25 September 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  245. ^ "Dog meat farmer in South Korea swaps pups for plants in animal charity's pioneering program to phase out the brutal trade". Humane Society International. 9 October 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  246. ^ "HSI/Canada helps rescue 200 dogs from horrific South Korean dog meat farm". Humane Society International. 14 February 2019. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  247. ^ "개고기는 法규제 자체가 없어 뭐가 얼마나 들었는지 모른다". News.chosun.com. 14 September 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  248. ^ "[사실은] "한국에선 연간 100만 마리 개가 도축" 사실은?" ["In Korea, 1 million dogs are slaughtered annually" Actually?] (in Kanuri). Seoul Broadcasting System. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2023.
  249. ^ "개고기 값은 폭락하는데 보신탕값 그대로". M.seoul.co.kr. 23 June 2004. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  250. ^ "'초복의 두얼굴' 성남 모란시장 앞에서 '동물위령제'...상인들은 거센 반발". Sports.khan.co.kr. 12 July 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  251. ^ "The nation's only Daegu Chilseong market was abolished... Politicians also stepped in" [The nation's only Daegu Chilseong market was abolished... Politicians also stepped in]. Hankook Ilbo (in Kanuri). 20 January 2021.
  252. ^ "[팩트체크] 보신탕용으로 키우는 '개 사육장', 불법 아닌가요?" [[Fact check] Isn't 'dog breeding grounds' raised for body soup illegal?]. Money Today (in Kanuri). 23 June 2020.
  253. ^ "[단독] 개 농장에 52만 마리...국민 55.8% "식용 중단"" [[Exclusive] 520,000 dogs in a dog farm... 55.8% of the people "stop eating"]. Korean Broadcasting System. 8 August 2022. Archived from the original on 10 February 2023.
  254. ^ "식국민 84% "개고기 소비한 적 없고, 먹을 생각 없다"". Hankyoreh News. 23 October 2020.
  255. ^ Pettid, Michael J., Korean Cuisine: An Illustrated History, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2008, 84–85.
  256. ^ "개고기: 개 식용 논란의 역사...이번에 정말 사라지게 될까?" [Dog Meat: The History of Dog Eating Controversies... Will It Come to an End This Time?]. BBC News 코리아. 9 November 2021.
  257. ^ ""고통·공포 주면 안돼"...220볼트 쇠꼬챙이 개 도살한 70대 벌금". 10 February 2022.
  258. ^ Kim 2008, p. 209
  259. ^ "Largest Dog Meat Slaughterhouse in South Korea Shuts Down – The Sentinel". Sentinelassam.com. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  260. ^ Wilkinson, Bard (22 November 2018). "South Korea closes largest dog meat slaughterhouse". CNN. Retrieved 15 March 2019.
  261. ^ Podberscek, Anthony L. (2009). "Good to Pet and Eat: The Keeping and Consuming of Dogs and Cats in South Korea" (PDF). Journal of Social Issues. 65 (3): 615–632. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.596.7570. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01616.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011.
  262. ^ Dog Meat Foods in Korea Archived 2 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Ann, Yong-Geun, Korean Medical Database
  263. ^ Hyams, J. (15 January 2015). "Former pets slaughtered for dog meat across Korea". The Korea Observer. Retrieved 6 July 2015.
  264. ^ Rogers, Martin. "Winter Olympics shines spotlight on dog meat trade in South Korea". USA Today. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  265. ^ "개 식용까지 국가가 간섭할 일인가 [핫이슈]" [Is the state interfering with dog eating? [Hot issue]] (in Kanuri). Maeil Broadcasting Network. 30 September 2021.
  266. ^ "South Korea promotes dog meat". BBC News. 13 January 2002.
  267. ^ Czajkowski, Claire (2014). Dog Meat Trade in South Korea: A Report On the Current State of the Trade and Efforts to Eliminate It. Lewis & Clark Law School. p. 7.
  268. ^ Rogers, Martin (February 2018). "Winter Olympics shines spotlight on dog meat trade in South Korea". USA Today.
  269. ^ "도심 속 개 불법사육장에 임의도축까지 '동물 학대' 등 경찰수사 착수". 전북도민일보. 8 September 2021.
  270. ^ Cha, Sangmi; Park, Minwoo (19 August 2021). "S.Korea to grant legal status to animals to tackle abuse, abandonment". Reuters.
  271. ^ "Korea dog meat campaigners accused of hypocrisy". The Straits Times. 27 December 2017.
  272. ^ "It's 'a contradiction' that we condemn eating dogs but not pigs". CBC News. 15 December 2017.
  273. ^ "So, eating cows, chickens, and pigs is ok, but just don't eat dogs?". News Post. 6 October 2020.
  274. ^ "America's Hypocrisy on Dog Meat". 8 July 2020.
  275. ^ "These are the countries that eat the most meat". World Economic Forum. 29 August 2018.
  276. ^ "The Animal Welfare Act 1998". Retrieved 30 August 2006.
  277. ^ "Republic Act No. 10631". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  278. ^ a b "Metro Manila Commission Ordinance 82-05". Archived from the original on 16 December 2005.
  279. ^ a b "Filipino rejects British criticism of dog-eaters". UPI Archives. 27 November 1981. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  280. ^ a b c d Caluza, Desiree (17 January 2006). "Dog meat eating doesn't hound Cordillera natives". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 19 February 2006. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  281. ^ "Dog Meat Trade Background". International Wildlife Coalition Trust. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  282. ^ Garcia, Patrick (10 February 2019). "Batenbols and other Pinoy aphrodisiacs". Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  283. ^ "Official Week in Review: November 16 – November 30, 1981". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. 30 November 1981. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  284. ^ "Philippine president plans crackdown on dog eaters". UPI Archives. 27 March 1982. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  285. ^ "The Animal Welfare Act 1998". Retrieved 30 August 2006.
  286. ^ "The Dog Meat Trade". Animal Welfare Institute. Retrieved 23 February 2020.
  287. ^ Gregory, Neville G.; Grandin, Temple (12 March 2007). Animal Welfare and Meat Production. Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International. ISBN 978-1-84593-216-9.
  288. ^ "Resolution 05-392". Province of Benguet. 17 January 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2006.
  289. ^ "Koreans fuel dog meat trade in Baguio". ABS-CBN. 8 November 2012. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  290. ^ Catajan, Maria Elena (18 June 2017). "Korean restos in Baguio suspected of serving dog meat". SunStar. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  291. ^ Yap, FJ (4 July 2012). "Dog meat trade flourishing, says watchdog". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  292. ^ Lam, Lydia (17 February 2017). "AVA investigating suspected case of dog meat sale highlighted by actor Andrew Seow". The Straits Times. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  293. ^ "Taiwan bans dog meat". BBC News. 2 January 2001. Retrieved 15 May 2007.
  294. ^ "Taiwan law takes bite out of dog meat sales". 17 December 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  295. ^ Govender, Serusha (11 April 2014). "9 Countries That Eat Cats and Dogs (Slideshow)". The Daily Meal. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  296. ^ "Taiwan becomes first country in Asia to ban eating of cat and dog meat". 10 April 2017. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  297. ^ Zeldin, Wendy (18 October 2017). "Taiwan: Animal Protection Law Amended | Global Legal Monitor". www.loc.gov.
  298. ^ "Democratic Republic of East Timor" (PDF). worldconflictstoday.com. p. 3.[permanent dead link]
  299. ^ Fuller, Thomas (1 November 2014). "Dog Meat Trade in Thailand Is Under Pressure and May Be Banned". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
  300. ^ Klangboonkrongthe, Manta (13 February 2015). "New Thai law against animal cruelty puts burden on humans". AsiaOne. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017.
  301. ^ Coren, Anna (21 July 2016). "Thailand: Dog Meat Trade Dog Rescues". CNN. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  302. ^ "Dog meat restaurants spring up in Uzbekistan". Uznews.net. 2009. Archived from the original on 16 June 2010. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  303. ^ Mahkamov, Anvar (2006). "Meat is Medicine". Transitions Online. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  304. ^ "Letter From Uzbekistan". Newsweek. 5 November 2001. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  305. ^ "Dog meat is believed to be a TB medicine in Andizhan". Enews.fergananews.com. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  306. ^ "Vietnam kills at least 5 million dogs a year, mostly in brutal ways". VnExpress. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  307. ^ Hodal, Kate (27 September 2013). "How eating dog became big business in Vietnam". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  308. ^ "How eating dog became big business in Vietnam". The Guardian. 14 October 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  309. ^ "80 percent of Vietnamese still support eating dog meat". 20 April 2013. Retrieved 7 August 2017.
  310. ^ "Vietnam closes 60 dog meat slaughterhouses and restaurants after cholera bacteria found". Guelph Mercury. 12 July 2010. Archived from the original on 12 April 2022. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  311. ^ a b c "Vietnam's dog meat tradition". BBC News. 31 December 2001.
  312. ^ Avieli, Nir (2011). "Dog Meat Politics in a Vietnamese Town". Ethnology. 50 (1): 59–78. ISSN 0014-1828. JSTOR 41756650.
  313. ^ Hodal, Kate (27 September 2013). "How eating dog became big business in Vietnam". The Guardian.
  314. ^ The Little Orange Book (PDF). Soi Dog Foundation. 2018. pp. 11–13.[permanent dead link]
  315. ^ "Hanoi dog meat restaurants come under scrutiny after cholera outbreak". Vietnamnet. Archived from the original on 27 April 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
  316. ^ "Cholera, bird flu present, but VN still A/H1N1-free". Vietnamnet. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 15 May 2009. Retrieved from Internet Archive 12 January 2014.
  317. ^ "Vietnamese capital Hanoi asks people not to eat dog meat". BBC News. 12 September 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  318. ^ "Federal law that enacts an animal protection law and changes the Federal Constitutional Law, the 1994 Trade Regulations and the 1986 Federal Ministries Act". Das Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes (legal information system of the federal government) (in German).
  319. ^ "Dogs and cats 'still eaten in Switzerland'". The Local.
  320. ^ "Forget chocolate or cheese: Cat and dog meat is Swiss delicacy". The Scotsman. 2 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 November 2020.
  321. ^ "Schweizer sollen keine Hunde und Katzen mehr essen", Tages Anzeiger, archived from the original on 11 July 2018, retrieved 13 May 2016
  322. ^ Schwabe 1979, p. 173
  323. ^ FDHA Ordinance of 23 November 2005 on food of animal origin, Art.2 Archived 6 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  324. ^ Ares, Elena; Sutherland, Nikki (25 May 2021), Consumption of dog meat in the UK
  325. ^  French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Page:Apollinaire – Alcools.djvu/51
  326. ^ "Is eating cats or dogs legal?". Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  327. ^ "SPCA: Eating pets more common than thought". TVNZ. 17 August 2009. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  328. ^ "Man escapes charges for barbecuing pet dog". CNN. 2009.
  329. ^ a b Imanaliyeva, Ayzirek (13 August 2020). "Fighting COVID in Kyrgyzstan: Dog fat, ginger and bloodletting". Eurasianet. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  330. ^ "Central Asian governments admit they have a problem with covid-19". The Economist. 23 July 2020. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 11 December 2020.
  331. ^ a b Day, Matthew (7 August 2009). "Polish couple accused of making dog meat delicacy". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2012.
  332. ^ Davis, Janet M. (7 May 2012). "Opinion | The Dog Ate My Birth Certificate". The New York Times.
  333. ^ Jacobsson, Kerstin (December 2012). "Fragmentation of the collective action space: the animal rights movement in Poland". East European Politics. 28 (4): 353–370. doi:10.1080/21599165.2012.720570. ISSN 2159-9165. S2CID 144181787.
  334. ^ "Poland prosecutors probe dog lard sale". United Press International. 10 August 2009.
  335. ^ Szumińska, Dorota (25 October 2008). "Chce się wyć". Polityka.
  336. ^ "Killing Dogs OK in Poland". Krakow Post. 21 October 2009.
  337. ^ "Psi smalec. Przeraźliwy skowyt zarzynanych psów".
  338. ^ "lyrics on Gasazip". Archived from the original on 14 November 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  339. ^ ""쿠팡이 개소주를 팔아?"...복날 앞두고 온라인 판매 논란". 9 July 2018.
  340. ^ Morris, Desmond (2008). Dogs: The Ultimate Dictionary of Over 1,000 Dog Breeds. Trafalgar Square. ISBN 978-1-57076-410-3.
  341. ^ Podberscek, Anthony L. (2009). "Good to Pet and Eat: The Keeping and Consuming of Dogs and in South Korea" (PDF). Journal of Social Issues. 65 (3): 623. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.596.7570. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01616.x. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2011.
  342. ^ "Article on Dateline ". Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  343. ^ "Article in The Dog Place". Archived from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
  344. ^ "原生犬介绍" [Tang Dog]. CKU China Native Breed Conservation Club. Archived from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  345. ^ Yiying, Fan (1 May 2019). "World Dog Show Features Chinese Breeds, Aims to Turn Hearts". Sixth Tone. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  346. ^ Sample, Ian (13 November 2003). "Article in The Guardian". TheGuardian.com. Archived from the original on 10 November 2021. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  347. ^ Salmond, Anne (2003). The Trial of the Cannibal Dog: The Remarkable Story of Captain Cook's Encounters in the South Seas. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-300-10092-1. OCLC 249435583.
  348. ^ Heringman, Noah (4 April 2013). Sciences of Antiquity: Romantic Antiquarianism, Natural History, and Knowledge Work. Oxford University Press. p. 73. ISBN 9780191626067. Retrieved 15 March 2017.
  349. ^ Holland, Leandra Zim (22 January 2004). Feasting and Fasting with Lewis & Clark: A Food and Social History of the Early 1800s. Emigrant, Montana: Old Yellowstone Publishing, Sweetgrass Books. p. 189. ISBN 9781591520078.

Further reading

  • Barr, James, Capt. (1836). Correct And Authentic Narrative of the Florida War with a Description of MAJ. Dade's Massacre, and an Account of the Extreme Suffering, For Want of Provisions of the Army-Having Been Obliged to Eat Horses' and Dogs' Flesh, etc. New York: J. Narine, Printer, 11 Wall St.
  • Kim, Rakhyun E. (2008). "Dog Meat in Korea: A Socio-Legal Challenge" (PDF). Animal Law Review. 14 (2): 201–236. SSRN 1325574. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2011.
  • Yong-Geun Ann, PhD. Dog Meat (in Korean and English). Hyoil Book Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 18 September 2009. (contains some recipes)
  • Dressler, Uwe; Alexander Neumeister (1 May 2003). Der Kalte Hund (in German). Dresden: IBIS-Ed. ISBN 978-3-8330-0650-0.
  • Sandburg, Carl. (1970). Abraham Lincoln, The Prairie Years and The War Years. Illustrated Edition. The Reader's Digest Association, Pleasantville, New York; The Reader's Digest Association LTD, Montreal, Canada.
  • Zawada, Grazyna (28 October 2010). "Szesc psow w sloiku". Gazeta Wyborcza (in Polish). Retrieved 26 March 2014.
  • Aisin Gioro, Ulhicun; Jin, Shi. "Manchuria from the Fall of the Yuan to the rise of the Manchu State (1368–1636)" (PDF). Retrieved 10 March 2014.